IGCSE Chemistry 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: 1. The particulate nature of matter 2. Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement 2.2 (a) Criteria of purity 2.2 (b) Methods of purification 3. Atoms‚ elements and compounds 4.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table 4.2 Bonding the structure of matter 3.2 (a) Ions and ionic bonds 3.2 (b) Molecules and covalent bonds 3.2 (c) Macromolecules 3.2 (d) Metallic bonding 3 Stoichiometry 4
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MTBE in Missouri Starting in the 1970’s Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) was put in gasoline to boost octane. In 1999 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended phasing out the use of MTBE which was found to be a cancer causing chemical. MTBE contaminated water thru public and private water wells. In 2002 Missouri lawmakers decided to phase out MTBE. The state wide phase out was complete on July 1‚ 2005 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether was commonly put as an additive in gasoline to reduce
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(“Benecol‚” 2010). Benecol has become a successful additive to multiple product lines due to its unique ingredient of plant stanol ester. The ingredient has been proven to reduce cholesterol levels and can easily be added to any food (Grant‚ 2010). Raisio‚ up until 1997‚ produced much of the plant stanol it needed and was self-sufficient in its exploitation of stanol ester technology (Grant‚ 2010). Raisio then made the decision to become part of Johnson & Johnson in order to gain global marketing‚ manufacturing
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should be economically attractive in order to compete with currently used fossil fuels. In this work‚ biodiesel (ethyl ester) was prepared from waste cooking oil collected from a local restaurant in Halifax‚ Nova Scotia‚ Canada. Ethyl alcohol with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was used for the transesterification process. The fatty acid composition of the final biodiesel esters was determined by gas chromatography. The biodiesel was characterized by its physical and fuel properties including
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Esterification is a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester. Refluxing the two reactants with an acid catalyst forms the ester. Fischer Esterification was discovered in 1895 by the German chemist‚ Emily Fischer and Arthur Speier. The reaction is also sometimes known as Fischer-Speier Esterification. The major components of almost all natural flavors and odors are esters. These fragrant esters are formed by the Fischer Esterification reaction. Saponification is the
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SITI ALIA IZZANI ISMAIL M13D Name : SITI ALIA IZZANI BINTI ISMAIL Class : M13D Date : 6th September 2013 Title : Movement through the plasma membrane Hour : 2 hours Assessment : Design Aim : To study the effect of lipid solubility of molecules on permeability of plasma membrane of animal cell. Introduction : Diffusion: In general‚ diffusion process occur when there is a concentration gradient between two region .Molecules (other than water) will move
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D1: Pharmaceutical drugs D.1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body. Drug or medicine is a substance that does one or more of the following: Alters physiological state – consciousness‚ activity level‚ coordination Alters incoming sensory experience Alters mood or emotion The active ingredients in drugs and medicines can be isolated from a plants and animals or synthesized artificially. Drugs supposed to assist human body’s
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Use of Ionic liquids in Industrial Applications Samar Noureldin ‚ Amel Elsadig ‚ Mohammed Mahjob Department of Chemical engineering ‚ University of Khartoum‚ Sudan Paper of 4th grade project ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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INTRODUCTION – NEED FOR BIO-FUELS The recent upheavals in the oil market leading to record oil prices‚ have again turned the world attention to alternative sources of energy. A number of them are being researched Nuclear energy‚ Hydrogen energy‚ Wind energy‚ Solar energy & Bio-energy. Use of nuclear energy and hydrogen energy for civilian purposes are in very nascent stages. Fuel cells are more promising‚ but they are yet to be put in commercial practice. Wind energy and solar energy
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-APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Why enzymes in organic synthesis? | Alternative to chemical methods: * High region- and stereoselectivity * Milder reaction conditions * Environmentally more friendly | Which enzyme(s)? | OxidoreductasesHydrolasesLyasesIsomerases | Which reaction system? | AqueousAqueous and water-miscible organic solventAqueous and water-immiscible organic solventPure organic solventOther solvents (supercritical fluids‚ ionic liquids) | Which ‘chemistry’
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