Journal of Food Engineering 95 (2009) 240–253 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Food Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jfoodeng Review Application of supercritical CO2 in lipid extraction – A review F. Sahena a‚ I.S.M. Zaidul a‚*‚ S. Jinap a‚ A.A. Karim b‚ K.A. Abbas a‚ N.A.N. Norulaini c‚ A.K.M. Omar b a b c Faculty of Food Science and Technology‚ Universiti Putra Malaysia‚ 43400 UPM Serdang‚ Selangor D.E.‚ Malaysia School of Industrial Technology‚ University
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Often when the body becomes incapacitated‚ the mind opens its eyes. As stated by Theodore Roethke‚ “In a dark time‚ the eye begins to see.” This quote is saying that in troubled times; one can find a way to see through the gloom. Therefore‚ darkness will lead to enlightenment. Both the memoire Man’s Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl and the novel The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath illustrate the mind’s ability to shine light through the darkest of times. Man’s Search for Meaning shares an experience
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with Ester Salva‚ a former employee in his uncle’s company. He kept that relationship from his family because they were concerned with his mother who suffered a stroke. Unfortunately‚ Ester became pregnant during their affair. When Ester got pregnant‚ she wanted to marry Roy but he told her that they were not meant for each other and that he was afraid that it would break his Mom’s heart. He has consistently given support to their child whom they named Melinda. Roy said that it was Ester who registered
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dipole (polar bond) which makes the molecule experience dipole-dipole forces; Trans also have polar bond‚ but due to its structure‚ the polarity may canceled out. Alkane<alkene<alkyne<ether Medium boiling point group: ketones‚ aldehydes‚ amines and esters This group of compound are all polar compounds‚ in other word‚ the strongest intermolecular force is dipole-dipole‚ which is much stronger than dispersion. For ketones and aldehydes‚ they both have oxygen‚ but oxygen is not bonding with hydrogen directly
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transferred along with the aqueous layer when the aqueous layer was getting separated from the organic layer by a pipette. One of the methods that favors the formation of an ester can be made by adding excess acetic acid and another method is conducting Fischer esterification‚ which water will be removed to form the ester. There are several ways to have more isopentyl acetate. First‚
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to get citral because its distillation occurs below the boiling point of water. Adding t-butyl methyl ether to the distillate and shaking creates a distinct layer separation which when dried leaves purified citral. Materials and Equipment: Spatula‚ syringe‚ syringe needle‚ short-neck round bottom flask‚ digital thermometer‚ pipette‚ pipette bulb‚ ice‚ lemongrass oil‚ beaker‚ electric hot plate‚ t-butyl methyl ether‚ saturated sodium chloride‚ anhydrous calcium chloride‚ stopper‚ boiling chips
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Bloomingdale’s one lunch hour [...]” This elongated‚ plosive sentence with a clear fast rhythm is such a sharp change and involves such strong deviation and unnecessary description that it feels very much like Ester is trying and failing to change the subject which emphasizes this forced feeling. Yet whilst Ester isn’t comfortable at the beginning of the novel by the end she certainly is and in part due to this forced admittance she never seems
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acetic acid and Isopentyl Alcohol‚ using a strong acid as a catalyst. The product was washed‚ and distilled. This approach is called Fisher esterification‚ whereby esters are produced by the esterification of a Carboxylic acid where it is heated with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid which acts as a catalyst. The ester produced had a banana flavor. The extraction of the crude product was conducted using sodium bicarbonate followed by distillation. The resulting product obtained was
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20.0005g Weight of 3mL conical vial with crude ester product: 21.6993g Weight of crude ester product: 1.6988g Therefore‚ the crude % yield is: Crude % yield = (observed/theoretical)x100% = (1.6988g/2.9866g)x100% = 56.88% Discussion: The synthesized product‚ isopentyl acetate‚ is made by the reaction of isopentyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as the catalyzing agent. The crude ester produced in lab was isopentyl acetate‚ because
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acetylsalicylic acid by esterification. Introduction: A pleasant‚ often fruity‚ odor is characteristic of some of the simpler esters. Ethyl butyrate smells similar to pineapples‚ the odor of n-propyl acetate is reminiscent of pears and isopentyl acetate has a strong banana fragrance. Esters are derivatives of the carboxylic acids and contain the following functional group: The synthesis of an ester can be accomplished in one of several ways. An esterification occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are reacted
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