resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was found that 0.3963 grams hexyl acetate was formed with a percent yield of 33.2%. The product was confirmed using NMR‚ IR‚ and boiling point confirmation. Backround: A Fischer Esterification is the formation of an ester and water from alcohol and an acid. More specifically it is a nucleophillic acyl substitution reaction carried out under acidic conditions. Carboxylic acids alone are not reactive enough to be attacked by neutral alcohols‚ but they can be made much
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Substitution Reactions* INTRODUCTION In class‚ we have been learning about substitution reactions and the various mechanisms by which they can occur. In a substitution reaction‚ a leaving group‚ usually a halide‚ is replaced by a nucleophile. Two mechanisms have been described for this reaction‚ a unimolecular (SN1) mechanism‚ and a bimolecular (SN2) mechanism. The stepwise unimolecular mechanism proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. These reactions are favored by the use of a substrate
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An Assignment on Rice Bran Oil Technology Oil: Oils are esters of glycerol and fatty acid. In other words‚ oils are tri-glycerol ester of fatty acid. Hence ester of glycerol is known as glycerides and fatty acids both are saturated and unsaturated. Oils are liquid at ordinary temperature. Example: Rice bran oil‚ Coconut oil‚ Soybean oil‚ palm oil. Etc. Fats: Fats are same as oil‚ i.e. Fats are esters of glycerol and fatty acid‚ except that fat is solid at ordinary temperature. The melting point
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Introduction Discovered by Georg Wittig in 1954‚ the Wittig reaction is a robust organic synthesis method for preparing stereospecific alkenes. In general‚ Wittig reactions involve an aldehyde or ketone and a Wittig reagent (triphenylphosphonium ylide) and result in the formation of an alkene product and triphenylphosphine oxide (side product). Stereospecific alkene products can be synthesized by adjusting the reaction reagents and conditions. In the 60 years since the Wittig reaction was discovered
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State of the art on Bio-cutting fluids in Machining Submitted by: Abstract The increasing attention to the environmental and health impacts of industrial activities by governmental regulations and by the growing awareness level in the society is forcing industrialists to reduce the use of mineral oil-based metalworking fluids as cutting fluid. Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning‚ cutting fluids consisted of simple
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Title: Experiment 28: Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Objective: The students will learn to nitrate methyl benzoate through electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. They will learn the importance of regiochemistry in chemical reactions. They might experience disubstitution through a high temperature. Reactions: Observation: The crystals started to form when added 2 g of crushed ice. The addition of hot methanol dissociated the crystals. The crystals reappeared when cooled down in
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Creatine: The Facts and the Fiction There are many different opinions people have when a conversation about creatine comes up. If one doesn’t know what creatine is‚ it is a popular dietary supplement taken mostly by many athletes around the world. The main problem people have with creatine is its safety. Some people say that it is very harmful to the body‚ while others will say that it is completely stable. The truth is that it is both; one just has to be smart about buying and taking it. There
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- Environmental risk may affect the pregnancy if below guideline limit is exceeded : @ bone cement : the data in earlier literature showed in toxic doses to pregnant animal it can Can recurrent abortion‚ skeletal anomalies but in human was unclear . acute toxic dose in animals can casue lung damage and edema estimated at 3‚750 ppm = 15‚375 mg/m3 . In short term exposure of toxic
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are classified as radiation‚ flammable or explosive hazards. Some of the chemicals however‚ are classified as toxic. There are three main components of glow sticks that are considered toxic: dibutyl phthalate‚ hydrogen peroxide and pthalic oxalate esters. Dibutyl phthalate is a colorless organic liquid that is used as a plasticizer (additives that make
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LIPIDS 1. The following are essential amino acids: a) Linoleic acid and Palmitic acid b) Palmitic acid and Archidonic acid c) Linolenic acid and Linoleic acid d) Stearic acid and Linolenic acid e) Linoleic acid and Arachidonic acid 2. Arachidonic Acid: a) Is a branched fatty acid b) Contains 3 double bonds c) Is a precursor for eicosanoids d) Contains 5 double
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