used. IODIESEL consists of a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters‚ that can be used as an alternative fuel in compression-ignition engines; it is obtained from renewable resources‚ such as vegetable oils and animal fats‚ which makes it biodegradable and non-toxic [1]‚[2]. Biodiesel might be produced by transesterification‚ which is a three-step reversible reaction that converts the initial triglyceride into a mixture of alkyl esters and glycerol‚ in the presence of a catalyst. Currently‚ biodiesel
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understanding the chemical transformations. Now‚ we know that this process is a reaction of esters with a strong base such as KOH or NaOH. The esters‚ triglycerides are the main constituents of vegetable oil and animal fats. The triglyceride is a tri-ester come along with 3 long fatty acid hydrocarbon chain. When triglyceride reacts with 3 equivalents strong aqueous base solution such as NaOH or KOH‚ the three ester bonds are hydrolyzed to yield 3 fatty acid salts (soap molecules) and one glycerol. The
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Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach Pulmonary edema‚ vomiting or coma yes Avoid swallowing and body contact Chlorine tablets Phthalates Plasticizers Unknown yes Not applicable Not applicable Synthetic Fragrances (Petrochemicals‚ Di-ethyl phthalate‚ Benzyl butyl phthalate‚ etc.) Perfumes‚ colognes‚ cosmetics Allergic
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water soluble which oxidizes and transports long chain fatty acids into the mitochondrion (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005; Gulcin‚ 2006)‚ transeterifies and acetyl-CoA‚ oxidizes branched chain alpha ketoacids and removes the potentially harmful acetylcarnitine esters from mitochondria (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005). Vescoro et al. (2002) found that L-carnitine can block cell death and skeletal muscle myopathy. It is present in plasma and tissue (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005) and can serve as an antioxidant by scavenging free
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(through better heath and schooling of new generation) -Empirical evidence: Relationship not consistently negative (Blanchet) Two of the many theories supporting the population growth being a boon/blessing are (optimistic theory): 1. Ester Boserup Ester Boserup claims that there is enough food to feed the world. The problem is the distribution of those goods. The improvement in agriculture tools allows from increase production rate. Urban farming is suggested for raising population. We will
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distillation -- and was characterized by its boiling temperature and its refractive index. Esterification is a condensation reaction where two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the simultaneous loss of water. This ester in this experiment is isopentyl acetate formed from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrochloric acid‚ a Fisher esterification process‚ (McMurry‚ p780-781) but the catalyst affects only the rate of reaction‚ and not
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CERTIFICATION This project report is certified by the supervisor and approved by the head of department of chemical engineering. Supervisor: HOD: Date: Date: DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to God Almighty‚ the Source of all wisdom‚ to him glory and honour be forever Amen. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my profound gratitude to all my lecturers‚ especially the Head of Department (HOD) Chemical
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Objective: To perform an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction‚ predict the effect on substituent orientation‚ and determine the identity of the product and mechanism for product. Procedure: Schoffstall‚ A.M.‚ Faddis‚ B.A.‚ and Durelinger‚ M.L. Microscale and Miniscale Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments‚ 2nd Ed.‚ McGraw-Hill‚ 2004‚ pages 215-218. Experiment 12.2 A Changes: Part A- No methanol recrystallization. Results and Observations
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II OBJECTIVES FOR FINAL EXAM 1. If given names‚ identify structures‚ or if given structures‚ identify name of each of the following types of compounds: a. Esters b. Amines c. Aromatic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions
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In this experiment‚ we used methyl benzoate from the last experiment with HNO3 and H2SO4 to synthesize methyl 3-nitrobenzoate. First we added methyl benzoate to 12 mL cooled conc. Sulfuric acid in a flask. In a separate flask‚ we made a solution of 4 mL conc. Sulfuric acid and 4 mL nitric acid and then added dropwise to the solution of methyl benzoate in an ice bath on a stir plate while maintaining the temperature of reaction between 5-15 °C. After the addition was complete we took the flask out
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