Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Chapter Outline The quest for political order The Early Byzantine Empire The City of Constantine Caesaropapism Justinian (527-565 C.E.) and his legacy; Theodora (empress) Rebuilt Constantinople‚ including Hagia Sophia Justine’s Code Codified Roman law Corpus iuris civilis (The Body of the Civil Law) Byzantine Conquests Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival Muslim Conquests The Theme system The Rise of the Franks Germanic Kingdoms The Franks
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Chapter 6(Africa) key concepts- *The varied enviroments of African regions had an important influence on the cultural and economic developments of societies. *Regional and long distance interactions among African societies and with outsiders helped create the cultural diversity that characterized the period * Various African societies played a major role in the larger networks of trade‚ including both the Trans- Saharan and Indian Ocean trade networks. * Islam’s spread to Africa had a significant
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"The Crusades: series of wars by Western European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims." (Encarta "Crusades") The Crusades first began in 1096 and ended in the late 13th century. The term Crusade originally meant that the European’s would use all their efforts to regain the power from the Muslims. They wanted to retake the city of Jerusalem‚ which was holy to Christians because that’s where the crucifixion of Jesus Christ occurred. Europeans later used it to allocate any military
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and the historical information‚ often vague. Historians have argued that perhaps it had been Charlemagne himself who instigated the coronation possibly as a means to consolidate his power and place himself and the Frankish empire on a par with the model in place in the Byzantine regions. Others have suggested that it was in fact the doing of the papacy at the time. Charlemagne had offered great support and interest in religious affairs and could be suggested that it had been a pre-emptive strike to
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money‚ defend the Byzantine Empire from the Turks‚ opportunity to get new land in the Middle East and opening trade routes between Europe and Middle East. There were nine crusades fought by Christians against Muslims in the Middle East. The first crusade began in 1096‚ which were mostly thieves and criminals. This was the first successful crusade in taking Jerusalem. Pope Urban II wanted the Christians to go to war against the Muslims. So they can defend the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk
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beautiful and historical architecture stayed the same throughout the era because the changes the Hagia Sophia underwent did not include a change in architecture‚ rather‚ they remained mostly political. In the year 527‚ emperor Justinian of the Byzantine empire‚ “the sleepless emperor”‚ erected the Hagia Sophia as an ambitious construction project that now remains as a notable example of Christian architecture. It is said that Justinian embarked on various construction projects that thoroughly remade
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The Islamic Empires like many other empires rose to become and influence on future societies. The Islamic Empire expanded far beyond its Arabian homeland‚ bringing Sasanid Persia and parts of the Byzantine Empire into its society. Muslim conquerors adapted Persian methods of government and ways to control their land. In the later centuries Muslims drew methods from Greek and Indian traditions as well. They transformed the cultural traditions that they took in into their own. While being influenced
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The Fall of the Roman Empire • Emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned A.D. 161-180) – the end of his reign caused a loss of peace and prosperity: the Pax Romana • Tribes outside boundaries and pirates in the Mediterranean disrupted trade • Had no new sources of silver and gold and as a result the government raised taxes • Government starts minting coins with less silver and made more money with the same amount of metals which caused inflation- a drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a rise
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contradicting issue. One of the reasons which are occasionally cited for Urban’s calling of the First Crusade is the call of help which Alexins Comnenus had sent to Urban at the Council of Piacenza. This letter was sent in response to the loss of Byzantine land which had occurred after the battle of Manzikert in 1072. The letter When Urban received this letter it is debateable as to whether he was actually galvanised by the thought of helping Alexins or if his main motive was an attempt at ending the
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Empire Niall Ferguson Introduction * To the British‚ as to people in the rest of the world‚ imperialism’s golden age is now considered a stain on human history‚ an era of slavery and racism and the plunder of native lands and peoples. The notion that imperialism is inherently evil‚ and that no empire can be a good empire‚ is an axiom in today’s geopolitics. * Examines the British Empire from an economic perspective‚ controversially concluding that the British Empire was‚ on balance‚ a
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