Identity of Cyanobacterial Toxins Cyanobacterial toxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria‚ or blue-green algae. They include neurotoxins (e.g.‚ anatoxins)‚ hepatotoxins (e.g.‚ microcystins)‚ skin irritants and other toxins. Both hepatotoxins and neurotoxins are produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in surface water supplies and therefore appear to be of most relevance to water supplies at present.1-3 However‚ the neurotoxins are relatively unstable and‚ as such‚ are not considered to be as
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This process takes place in the thylakoid of the chloroplast. Once fired the calvin cycle starts‚ which is the dark reaction. The calvin cycle has three steps the first of which being carbon fixation‚ that is catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco. The second being reduction and the third being regeneration of the carbon dioxide acceptor or the creation of ribulose bisphosphate. This dark reaction takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. Whereas in cellular respiration there four main parts. The
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carbohydrates in the body and is the primary step of any living respiratory system. Glycolysis initially begins with Glucose‚ a six-carbon sugar (C6) gaining entry into the cytosol via a GLUT-4 transporter. Within this process‚ two Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules‚ two reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) molecules and two molecules of pyruvate acid (C3) are generated.
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AP Lab #5 Plant Pigments/Photosynthesis I. Identifying the Effects of Different Variables of Light and Carbon Dioxide on the Rate of Photosynthesis and Observing the Separation of Pigments Through Chromatography II. Introduction Plants have a variety of pigments‚ all of which absorb a different color of light. The three main pigments are chlorophyll a‚ chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Chlorophyll a is the primary plant pigment that absorbs red and blue light‚ which ultimately appears green to the human eye
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like paints and glues‚ so if you ever like crafts and have painted the walls of your house‚ then‚ you encounter toluene a lot. Paint Glue __Toluene__‚ also known as __methylbenzene__‚ is an organic chemical compound‚ because of the presence of carbon (C)
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The Calvin cycle is made up of three key stages. The first stage is known as the carbon fixation stage. During this stage a carbon dioxide molecule ribulose 1‚ 5 bisphosphate (RuBP). This step creates a six-carbon compound that splits into two different molecules of a three carbon compound‚ 3 phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). The reaction is initiated by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase‚ or rubisco (Stanley 2013). The second stage
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Cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall Metabolism a. Oxidation – a molecule LOSSES hydrogen‚ energy is RELEASED b. Reduction – a molecule GAINS hydrogen‚ energy is GAINED and stored (the more reduced a molecule is‚ the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Always occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. Electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents: are REDUCED to OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ - oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis
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Computational Chemistry: Conformational Analysis of Ethane and Butane Objectives: To visualize molecules in 3-dimensions. To learn how to use the Spartan ES software. To compute and graph the relative conformational energies of ethane and butane. Background: One of the most successful theories of the 20th century is quantum mechanics‚ also called wave mechanics. The idea that energy in atoms occurs in discrete bundles is contrary to our everyday notion that energy flows smoothly into or
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procedure involved cutting the SM plastics bags into 3”x4” sizes strips. Label the strips into C1‚ C2‚ C3 for compost soil‚ L1‚ L2‚ L3 for loam soil‚ S1‚ S2‚ S3 for seawater and T1‚ T2‚ T3 for Tap water treatments. Then determine the initial weights of the plastic strips in grams using the Analytical balance and then record in a logbook. Three aluminum trays (7”x9”) were labeled C1‚ C2‚ and C3. Five hundred grams of compost soil were measured using a weighing scale and placed in each tray. Another
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Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one‚ Leptospira‚ which causes serious disease in livestock). However‚ certain bacteria‚ the actinomycetes‚ produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies‚ or on the roots of certain plants‚ converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break
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