compounds that contain carbon – except CO‚ CO2‚ carbonates‚ and carbides • Even though organic compounds only contain a few elements‚ the unique ways carbon atoms can attach together to form molecules leads to millions of different organic compounds 4 1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups What’s so Special About Carbon? Carbon atoms can do some unique things that other atoms cannot Carbon can bond to as many as four other atoms Bonds to carbon are very strong and
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metabolized into glycolysis to pyruvate yielding ATP. To become more efficient‚ pyruvate must be oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. This combustion of carbon dioxide and water to generate ATP is called cellular respiration (Tymoczko‚ Berg & Stryer‚ 2013‚ p. 315). In eukaryotic cells‚ this aerobic process is used because of the efficiency. Cellular respiration is divided into parts: carbon fuels are completely oxidized with a concomitant generation of high transfer potential electrons in a series
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snake plant‚ and some types of daisies and others produce oxygen at night. But remember your primary school science classes‚ when you learnt that plants practice a ‘magical’ process called photosynthesis? A plant needs light and water‚ to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates‚ and oxygen is the waste product of this process. However‚ that is simple science meant to raise the curiosity of a child. The reality is‚ there are three types of photosynthesis‚ and the third type you will read about
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H H H H 2. Which one of the following hydrocarbons will decolorize acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution? A) CH4 B) C3 H6 C) C4 H10 D) C5 H12 3. Which pair of terms correctly describes the reaction between ethane and water? I Hydrogenation II hydration III addition IV substitution 4. A substance with
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Conformational analysis and cyclohexane conformations (Chpt 4): 1. Use a Newman projection‚ about the indicated bond‚ to draw the most stable conformer for the following compounds. (a) 3-methylpentane about the C2-C3 bond (b) 3‚3-dimethylhexane about the C3-C4 bond 2. Using what you know about conformational energetics of substituted cyclohexanes‚ predict which of the two decalin isomers (cis or trans) is more stable. Explain you reasoning. 3. The most stable form of the common sugar glucose
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necessary to support life. Here it deals with the nutrition in microorganism which is called as microbial nutrition. Nutrients may be divided into three general‚ often overlapping categories: Those that supply energy‚ those that supply carbon‚ and those that supply any and everything else. In this lecture we will consider nutrition from the point of view of microorganisms‚ though many of the principles apply to macro organisms equally well. According to Webster nutrition
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Analysis Questions: Cycles of Matter 1. Explain the role of decomposing bacteria in the carbon and nitrogen cycles. In the carbon cycle‚ decomposing bacteria release carbon from the decaying bodies or waste into the atmosphere. Without them‚ it won’t be able for any organism to access the carbon stored in dead bodies. In the nitrogen cycle‚ decomposing bacteria breaks down animal waste‚ which creates ammonia and nitrate products rich in nitrogen. Although no animals or plants cannot directly
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Photosynthesis is the process of transforming light energy into chemical energy that is used to build carbohydrates. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast‚ sunlight and water are the substrates for this reaction. The conversion of light energy can go through two pathways: noncyclic and cyclic. In noncyclic light transport‚ both Photosystems II and I are involved producing ATP and NADPH. Photosystem II absorbs 680 nm of light energy‚ with the oxidation of water; chlorophyll
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which several targets for future improvement can be identified. Some are already the focus of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM approaches. However‚ the efficient growth strategies of perennial bioenergy crops rely on newly assimilated and recycled carbon and remobilized nitrogen in a continually shifting balance between sources and sinks. This balance is affected by biotic (e.g. pest‚ disease) and abiotic (e.g. drought) stresses. Future research should focus on three main challenges: changing (photo)thermal
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are carbon‚ phosphorus‚ sulphur and nitrogen. Bacteria play crucial role in recycling phosphorus‚ sulphur and nitrogen. This essay covers sulphur and nitrogen cycles. Nitrogen Fixation The fixation of the nitrogen is crucial for the terrestrial plants. Nitrogen fixation in other words is the process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen in to a form that growing plants can use. A little number of conversion occur in lightning strikes‚ all the rest is done by bacteria. Nitrogen fixation is done
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