Citric Acid Names of chemical substance- Chemical formula: C6H8O7. Elements present in citric acid are; carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen. Bonding- All the elements in citric acid are non-metals. Citric acid has a covalent bond type. History- in the 8th century jabir ibn hayyar a Persian alchemist was credited with the discovery of citric acid. in 1784 the separation of citric acid from citrus fruits occurred when Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele separated citric acid from lemon juice. The next
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supernatant liquid and denser slurry having a higher concentration of solids. This is usually accomplished by allowing the particles to settle through the force of gravity‚ mechanically using centrifugal force‚ or electrostatically using an electric current. Continuous sedimentation tanks are usually used in wastewater treatment facilities to separate suspended particles from wastewater. This experiment aims to determine the effect of initial concentration and initial height of the slurry on its settling
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Investigation into How the Concentration of a Reactant Can Affect the Rate of Reaction Aim To plan an investigation that allows me to measure the effect of increasing the concentration of a reactant on the rate of reaction. With the results generated‚ it is also hoped to draw accurate conclusions and explain the results using scientific knowledge. Introduction Some reactions are fast‚ for example neutralisation or burning magnesium in air to produce magnesium oxide. However‚ other reactions
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Vol. 1 ACETIC ACID 115 ACETIC ACID 1. Introduction Acetic acid [64-19-7]‚ CH3COOH‚ is a corrosive organic acid having a sharp odor‚ burning taste‚ and pernicious blistering properties. It is found in ocean water‚ oilfield brines‚ rain‚ and at trace concentrations in many plant and animal liquids. It is central to all biological energy pathways. Fermentation of fruit and vegetable juices yields 2–12% acetic acid solutions‚ usually called vinegar (qv). Any sugar-containing sap or juice can
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Experiment 4A – Counting Atoms in a Chemical Reaction Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to create an experiment where zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid in order to find out the number of moles and atoms of zinc reacted. This can be accomplished by weighing the sample before and after the reaction with hydrochloric acid. Data: Material Mass in grams (g) Initial mass of dry beaker 49.37 Initial mass of dry beaker + zinc 51.03 Initial mass of zinc 1.66 Final mass
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2. Preparation Of 1 M Na2CO3 Molecular mass of Na2CO3 = 106g Mass of salt in 100 ml of 1M solution = 10.6g Weighing of salt using electrical balance * Mass of Na2CO3 + beaker = 78.64g * Mass of beaker = 68.04g * Mass of Na2CO3 = 10.6g 1. 10.6g of Na2CO3 was weighed in a dry beaker. Small amount of distilled water was added and the salt was dissolved. 2. The contents of the beaker were transferred to
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1. Standarization of NaOH with Potassium Hydrogenphthalate (KHC8H404) The hygroscopic nature of NaOH requires its solution to be standardized with a stable primary standard such as potassium hydrogen phthalate. The exact molar concentration of NaOH solution can then be accurately determined. 1.1) Prepare the stock NaOH solution by dissolving about 4 g of NaOH pellet in 100 mL of deionized water. Note that NaOH is a hazardous chemical which is corrosive to skin and irritant to eye‚ be cautious and
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Chemistry 3 Lecture 5 CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND HORMONAL REGULATION Roles of Calcium Signal transduction pathways àacts as a second messenger‚ in neurotransmitter release from neurons Contraction of all muscle cell types Fertilization Enzyme cofactor àblood-clotting cascade Proper bone formation PRINCIPAL ORGANS INVOLVED IN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS Small Intestines Bones (Skeletal System) Kidneys Normal Total Calcium: 2.2-2.6 mmol/L (9-10.5 mg/dL) Normal Ionized Calcium: 1.1-1.4 mmol/L
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Calcium oxalate (CaOx) being a major inorganic constituent of human kidney stones‚ contributes around 70-80% of the kidney stone. In India‚ approximately 5-7 million patients are suffering from kidney stone disease [6] (Kaladhar et al.‚ 2012). Urinary oxalate is found to be a major factor for calcium oxalate stone formation. As the molar ratio of oxalate-to-calcium is normally 1:10‚ slight changes in urinary oxalate concentration may cause crystallization and stone
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1. The label CORROSIVE on a chemical container indicates Ans : ( b ) that contact destroys living tissue as well as equipment 2. FLAMMABLE means Ans : ( a ) easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly 3. " Fatal if swallowed " indicates Ans : ( c ) that the substance will cause death if ingested 4. What is the correct way to handle the following situation? Briefly explain. a. Chemical : Acetic asid i. Inhalation exposure Ans : Remove the person from the exposure. Begin rescue
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