to extract the caffeine from the tea bags that were provided‚ and then recrystallize the caffeine. The solvents used in the experiment were an aqueous sodium carbonate and dichloromethane (DCM). Anhydrous calcium chloride pellets were used to dry the solution and emulsion layer and the DCM was then decanted. After washing the anhydrous calcium chloride pellets with more DCM‚ the solvent was evaporated‚ leaving greenish-white crystalline caffeine residue weighing about .25 mg. In order to recrystallize
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Rate of reaction Design Lab Background: Reaction rate is most commonly defined as the speed at which a reaction takes place. This rate can be altered by many factors such as temperature‚ pressure‚ concentration‚ volume‚ or the use of a catalyst. In order for a reaction to occur‚ the atoms must collide in the correct orientation to break the bonds and must also have more energy than the needed activation energy. If their energy is not high enough‚ the reaction will not be able to take place. By
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water and stir to form the calcium chloride solution. Use only distilled water since tap water may have impurities that interfere with the experiment.. Use stoichiometry to determine how much Na2CO3 you will need for a full reaction. * Weigh the calculated amount of Na2CO3 and put it in a small paper cup. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to make a sodium carbonate solution. * Pour the sodium carbonate solution from the paper cup into the beaker with the calcium chloride solution. A precipitate
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Chemistry 1 Revision Booklet Unit Chemistry 1 Syllabus At the beginning of each sub-section‚ activities are stated which develop candidates. skills‚ knowledge and understanding of how science works. Details are then given of the substantive contexts in which these skills‚ knowledge and understanding should be set. It is expected that‚ where appropriate‚ teachers will adopt a practical approach‚ enabling candidates to develop skills in addition to procedural knowledge and understanding. Note that
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ammonium nitrate * copper (II) nitrate * lead (II) nitrate * zinc nitrate * potassium nitrate All POTASSIUM‚ SODIUM and AMMONIUM compounds are soluble in water e.g. * ammonium chloride * sodium sulphate * potassium carbonate * sodium hydroxide * potassium oxide Table I showing rules for solubility in water SALTS | SOLUBLE
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structural and chemical features in Winogradsky column and to show the acknowledgement of microbial cells in Winogradsky column. Materials of experiment Pond mud Calcium sulfate Calcium carbonate Shredded paper Pond water Cylinder Aluminum foil Methods 1. Prepare pond mud 2. Add calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate 3. Add piece of paper 4. Add pond water 5. Seal top of the column 6. Put beside window Process (sequence of the reaction) The less of oxygen makes
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is essential to their performance. In this laboratory exercise the aim is to test three drilling fluid samples for; density and rheological properties‚ Fluid loss‚ chemical analysis i.e. testing pH‚ alkalinity‚ testing for chloride ions‚ calcium carbonate‚ calcium‚ bentonite; also determining the amount of solids present in the samples as well as volumes of oil‚ water and solids contained in the sample‚ and to test for contaminates such as NaCl and KCl. These tests helps us to determine the properties
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Limestone is a grey organic sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate. A lime stone pavement is a large flat area of bare limestone from which soil cover has been removed over a long a period of time the acidic rainwater passes through soil it picks up humic acid from the rotting vegetation in the soil and becomes more acidicis. Rainwater picks up carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere. As it passes through soil‚ the water picks up more carbon dioxide from organic debris. The water and
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The Earth’s atmosphere has changed over billions of years‚ but for the past 200 million years it has been much as it is today. We are‚ however‚ causing our atmosphere to change by human activity. Burning fossil fuels and deforestation are two examples of human effect on the environment. Composition of the Earth’s atmosphere The composition of air You need to know the proportions of the main gases in the atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere has remained much the same for the past 200 million years
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oxide--->salt + water acid + metal carbonate---->salt + water + carbon dioxide Element | Symbol | Valency | Hydrogen | H | 1 | Oxygen | O | -2 | Carbon | C | 4 | Calcium | Ca | 2 | Iron | Fe | 2 | Aluminium | Al | 3 | Sodium | Na | 1 | Potassium | K | 1 | Magnesium | Mg | 2 | Zinc | Zn | 2 | Copper | Cu | 2 | Silver | Ag | 1 | Lead | Pb | 2 | Chloride | Cl | -1 | Sulphate | SO4 | -2 | Hydroxide | OH | -1 | Carbonate | CO3 | -2 | Nitrate | NO3 | -2 |
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