WATER STEWARDSHIP INFORMATION SERIES Hardness in Groundwater February 2007 What is water hardness? Water hardness is primarily the amount of calcium and magnesium‚ and to a lesser extent‚ iron in the water. Water hardness is measured by adding up the concentrations of calcium‚ magnesium and converting this value to an equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in milligrams per litre (mg/L) of water. The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality Hardness divide hardness
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forward again. If it runs into the solid object again it will do the same thing until it can get past the object. 2. Describe the mechanism of movement in Paramecium based on fluxes of calcium in cilia. When the calcium channels open up and allow the influx of calcium ions into the cell‚ the increase the calcium ions causes the reversal of the cilia and the paramecium starts to swim backwards. 3. How do paramecia react to each cation solution? Did you noticed differences in direction‚ duration
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What is Osteopetrosis and how to treat it? Osteopetrosis is the marble bone disease which is also termed as ‘Schonberg Disease’. This is the kind of bone disorder where the bones become denser and harder due to genetic factors or even external factors. When compared to other kinds of bone disorders where certain bones become harder while others remain soft‚ in Osteopetrosis the bones of the entire body becomes denser. The major cause behind this abnormality is an imbalance in the formation or breakdown
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Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak & brittle due to low bone mass & bone tissue deterioration. Chronic & progressive Most common origin of bone disease in U.S. Fractures transpire easily. Primary cause of fractures in elderly. Bone formation should match bone resorption. Osteoblasts Build (form) new bone & generate organic matrix & mineralize bone. Osteoclasts Breaks down bone & cause bone resorption. Osteocytes Maintain bone by directing when/where bone remodeling is to occur. Parathyroid
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Movement: The bones of the upper and lower limbs pull and push‚ with the help of muscles. 3 storage as a mineral store. 97% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone. Here it is easily available and turns over fast. In pregnancy the demands of the fetus for calcium require a suitable diet and after menopause hormonal control of calcium levels may be impaired: calcium leaches out leaving brittle osteoporotic bones. 4. Protective. Skull for the brain and rib for the heart and lungs. 5. Blood cell
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as CaCO₃. High levels of total hardness are not considered a health concern. There are two types of Hardness: Temporary hardness: this is due to the presence of bicorbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling. Permanent hardness: this is due to the presence of chlorides & sulphate of calcium & magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling. MOTIVATION I was bothered that the water in Ilara community doesn’t combine easily with soap leading to excessive
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cancers‚ such as breast and prostate cancer‚ can result in the weaker and fragile bones. Prevention Strategies for preventing osteoporosis are different for young women and older women. Young women should make sure to meet their needs for calcium‚ vitamin D‚ and other medications. Physical activity of a weight-bearing nature is important to
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Soluble | Scurvy‚ (hemorrhagic manifestations and dentin formation) | Urate crystals‚ diarrhea | Vitamin D | Cod liver oil ‚fatty fish oils ‚ milk or powdered whole milk | * Regulating bone resorption‚ affecting absorption of calcium in the gut‚ and by regulating calcium losses in
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Calcium is also essential for neuromuscular activity‚ clotting of blood‚ and normal cardiac function. So calcium is a vital component of bone architecture. Calcium is required for deposition of bone mineral throughout life. The body stores more than 99% of its calcium in the teeth and bones and plasma. It is the levels of plasma calcium that dictate calcium balance. Adequate intake of calcium is required to maintain this balance. Calcium is most absorbed through the foods
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dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca 2+‚ Mg2+‚ Fe3+‚ SO42-‚ HCO3-. When this water evaporates or boils‚ the difficult to dissolve metal salts remain as a scaly residue. Hard water inhibits the effectiveness of soap and detergents. Calcium ions typically make the most significant contribution to water hardness. This is why hardness is measured in terms of mg CaCO3/L of solution. Hardness is also reported in units of parts per million (ppm). Water with a hardness value of < 60 ppm
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