first Spanish Umayyad‚ Abd al-Rahman‚ forced Charlemagne’s forces to retreat into France. • The 50-year reign of Abd al-Rahman III saw the defense of Córdoba from both the Fatimids in Africa and the Christians to the north. After his death‚ the caliphate fragmented into many smaller principalities. • The Almoravids and Almohads of North Africa invaded Spain in the 11th century to enforce strict Muslim rule. • The mercenary adventures of El Cid during the reconquest or reconquista made
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getting down Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led a political and cultural revolution. Turkish modernism went through a reversal of the Islamic Ottoman system and the adoption of a west-oriented mode of modernization. This resulted in the abolition of the Caliphate. Also‚ a secular civil code was adopted to replace the previous codes based on Islamic law‚ which outlaws all forms of polygamy‚ annulled religious marriages‚ granting equal rights to men and women‚ in matters of inheritance‚ marriage and
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experiment: suppose the Pope were to order all Irish Catholics to go to the authorities and reveal everything they knew about terrorist activities‚ under pain of mortal sin and excommunication. Would they do it? Suppose Muslims were to re-establish the Caliphate‚ and the Caliph were to command all Muslims to cease support of terrorist movements. Would they do it? Religion is a great source of happiness. Although some view religion as a way of “demonstrating social conformity‚ or as a comforting
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The Evolution of Al-Qaeda leading up to ISIS: The New Face of Terror Abstract In this paper‚ I will focus on the evolution and current status of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization leading up to one of its more recent franchises which is known most frequently by any of three names– the Islamic States in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or the Islamic States of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or the Islamic States (IS) – and is more brutal than the previous versions of al-Qaeda that the world has known. After three
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The fear of death in society is a true and inevitable fear. People all know that death is a part of life‚ and in order to live‚ you must know you are going to die. When you are living your life‚ you need to live it to the fullest and not fear what is to come. In society‚ many people use symbols and religion as ways to ease their fears of death and "guarantee" where they will spend their eternal lives. In the following‚ you will find examples of three major religions and the symbols they
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OLD COINS BRASS TANKA OF DELHI SULTAN MUHAMMAD III Muhammad III bin Tughluq ruled much of India from 1325 to 1351AD. He was a scholar‚ calligrapher and an innovative monarch. Unfortunately he did not always consider the consequences of his innovations. Vast amounts of his treasury was spent trying to expand and consolidate his realm. This only encouraged numerous revolts throughout his realm. He forcibly moved his entire capital and all its inhabitants from Delhi to a more central
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This first war was known as Fitna‚ then a second war Fitna two. The leadership of the Muslim world would now be claimed by rival dynasties all claiming the caliphate. During the late 18th and 19th centuries C.E.‚ Islamic regions fell under the power of the European imperial powers. Now after many centuries the major claims to the caliphate had dissipated. Mohammad had managed to unite all the various tribes on the Arabian Peninsula during his reign under Islam. But upon the death of Mohammad‚ a
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Indigenous Religions Complementary dualism –the concept that the universe contains life enhancing and life-diminishing forces that work together and are equally necessary to its survival. Conflict dualism – the concept that the universe contains good and evil forces that are wholly separate and in constant opposition. Dogon – a member of a group of indigenous people of the mountains of central Mali. Ghost dance - a group dance of a late 19th century American Indian (Iroquois) messianic
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SECURITY RESEARCH PAPER A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM Piers Hutt piershutt@hotmail.com 1 March 2015 A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM ABSTRACT Purpose: To critically examine the threat of modern terrorism to Western society. Design/methodology: An assessment was made of publically available documentation. The paper is then divided into a number of sections. It initially deals with the difficulties of defining terrorism‚ followed by its symbiotic relationship with the media
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successors extend Islamic power • Caliph • Under the first four caliphs; Muslim armies conquered Palestine‚ Syria‚ Egypt‚ and most of Persia. • Jihad 9. New rulers cause a division in Islam • A member of a powerful Umayyad family claimed the caliphate • Rivalry between Umayyad and Shi’a • Shi’ite Muslims introduces Sunni 10. The Umayyads create an empire • East: India and borders of China • West: North Africa and Spain • North: Battle of Tours • Movement of the
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