a. Traditional Budgeting Wildavsky (1978‚ p.502) mentions that "traditional budgeting is annual (repeated yearly) and incremental (departing marginally from the year before)". It is conducted on a cash basis in current dollar. It is also in the form of line-items such as personnel or maintenance. This system is essentially a financial plan of estimated expenditures expressed in terms of kinds and quantities of objects to be bought and the estimated funds needed to finance them during a specified
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CSC CASE ANALYSIS Case 1 – Only Student software launched. In this case‚ the selling rate is $50 ‚ the Unit Contribution will be fixed to $ 35 (50-15) for all other segments‚ and for student segment‚ it will be $15.( (60% of 50) -15). Case 2 – only Commercial software – The optimal price should be taken as 225 as that covers all other categories except the students. Case 3 – only Industrial software – the price should be 600 as the incremental contribution below this segment is less than
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Project-1: Capital Budgeting Simulation MBA AF 620 Objective: The purpose of the Capital Budgeting Simulation project is to explore the problem of resource allocation within a corporation by looking at many projects from the senior-management perspective. This simulation is a useful complement to capital-budgeting cases that focus on single projects. Illustrate the impact of capital rationing on capital investment choices. Exercise and interpret the implication of tools of investment analysis
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items. Remember to use examples and be specific. 1. What factors caused many people to give up farming and move to the city? Fill in the boxes below to explain how each step led many farmers to leave their farms for a life in the city. (7 points) Cash Crops In the late 1800’s the majority of farmers grew enough food to support themselves‚ with a small percentage of product for sale to others‚ and the farmers were making profit. A much higher production drove down the price‚ which had the effect
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TEXT 1 CASH CROP In agriculture‚ a cash crop is a crop which is grown for profit. The term is used to differentiate from subsistence crops‚ which are those fed to the producer’s own livestock or grown as food for the producer’s family. In earlier times cash crops were usually only a small (but vital) part of a farm’s total yield‚ while today‚ especially in the developed countries‚ almost all crops are mainly grown for cash. In non-developed nations‚ cash crops are usually crops which attract
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for both a merchandising company and a service company. (b) The measurement of income is conceptually the same. In both types of companies‚ net income (or loss) results from the matching of expenses with revenues. 2. The components of revenues and expenses differ as follows: | | Merchandising | | Service | RevenuesExpenses | | SalesCost of Goods Sold and Operating | | Fees‚ Rents‚ etc.Operating (only) | 3. Under a periodic inventory system the company does not keep track of
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FUNCTIONAL AND ACTIVITY-BASED BUDGETING Budget a financial plan of the resources needed to carry out tasks and meet financial goals. A quantitative expression of the goals the organization wishes to achieve and the cost of attaining these goals. Budgeting the act of preparing a budget. Budgetary control the use of budgets to control a firm’s activities. Master budget (planning budget/ budget plan) a summary of all phases of a company’s plans and goals for the future. Indicates the sales levels‚
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The government implements programs to assist individuals in living a better life. In 2009 a program called Cash for Clunkers or CARS (Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act) was created to help get old makes and modeled automobiles off of the road (U.S. Department of Transportation Press Release). This program allowed individuals to voluntarily trade in and purchase vehicles under this act. This program helps consumers pay for a new‚ more fuel efficient car or truck from participating dealers
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AF First Language Urdu T Cambridge O Level University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However‚ we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Cambridge O Level First Language Urdu 3247
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Budgeting System Paper The performance budgeting system determines the programs output performance measures‚ the programs total costs and the costs per output or costs per unit of service. Advantages of the performance budgeting systems are that it provides information on the amount of service that is provided by a human service program and the attendant costs includes determining the cost per output or cost per unit of service and that they raise the level of debate from line-items to programs
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