The greatness of Roman architecture is built‚ quite literally‚ upon the foundation of two important items: the discovery of concrete and the adoption of the arch from the Greeks. Concrete was an exceptional development within the Roman world and catapulted Roman construction into new heights of efficiency and stability. According to Kamm (1995)‚ the origin of Roman concrete can be found in a volcanic earth known as pozzolana‚ initially found near the Greek settlement of Puteoli. It would later be
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7166M01.qxd_lb 6/3/09 09:38 AM Page 1 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 INTRODUCTION Concrete is strong in compression‚ but weak in tension: its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14 percent of its compressive strength. Due to such a low tensile capacity‚ flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading. In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing‚ a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal direction of the structural element. This force prevents the cracks
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capacity management - the meaning of capacity Introduction The capacity of a production unit (e.g. machine‚ factory) is its ability to produce or do that which the customer requires. In production and operations management‚ three types of capacity are often referred to: Potential Capacity | The capacity that can be made available to influence the planning of senior management (e.g. in helping them to make decisions about overall business growth‚ investment etc). This is essentially a long-term
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BRE Concrete mix design method A popular simplified mix design method is that from BRE. Compressive strength is‚ in general‚ related to durability. The greater the strength the more durable the concrete. To satisfy the required compressive strength‚ a value for water/cement (w/c) ratio is estimated for an appropriate test age (generally 28 days) and cement type. Tables in the BRE mix design handbook are consulted relating aggregate:cement (a/c) ratio‚ workability and water:cement (w/c) ratio for
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pdf Multi-Level Formwork Load Distribution with Post-Tensioned Slabs By Dr Stephen L Kajewski1 Abstract: Formwork and the associated shoring represent a significant proportion of the costs associated with the construction of multi-level concrete structures. To minimize these costs‚ a limited number of formwork and shoring sets are recycled up the structure as construction progresses‚ eliminating the need for a new set of formwork and shoring with each new slab. When a slab is post-tensioned
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High Volume Fly Ash Concrete(HVFC) INTRODUCTION Concrete is the most commonly used construction material; its usage by the communities across the globe is second only to water. Customarily‚ concrete is produced by using the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as the binder. The usage of OPC is on the increase to meet infrastructure developments. The world-wide demand for OPC would increase further in the future. It is well-known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources
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(a) A firm produces three products. Product A sells for $60; its variable costs are $20. Product B sells for $200; its variable costs are $120. Product C sells for $25; its variable costs are $10. Last year‚ the firm sold 1000 units of A‚ 2000 units of B‚ and 10‚000 units of C. The firm has fixed costs of $320‚000 per year. Calculate the break-even point of the firm. Selling Variable price cost (P) (V) $60 $20 $200 $120 $25 $10 TOTAL ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 Product A B C V/P 0.33 0.60 0.40 1V/P
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having the right type of concrete mixer can ensure that you will do a job in excellence. There are several tools and types of concrete mixers that can be used to ensure that your job gets done easier. The first type of concrete mixer that you may want to consider using is a mobile concrete dispenser. ball mill manufacturer is used to batch concrete in one area then move to another area. Usually‚ these dispensers are used to pour sidewalks and other projects that need concrete batched into several areas
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Chapter 12: Capacity Planning Question #1: Why are facilities decisions often made by top management? What is the role in these decisions of operations‚ marketing‚ finance‚ accounting‚ engineering‚ and human resources? “Facilities decisions often made up by the top management and the chief executive‚ and the board of directors because these decisions are strategic in nature‚ they require the input of all functional areas in the firm.” It is longest-term planning decision that contains all the important
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been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. e1 NOTE—Range value in 12.2.2 was editorially corrected July 2001. 1. Scope 1.1 This specification covers materials for use as chemical admixtures to be added to hydraulic-cement concrete mixtures in the field for the purpose or purposes indicated for the seven types as follows: 1.1.1 Type A—Water-reducing admixtures‚ 1.1.2 Type B—Retarding admixtures‚ 1.1.3 Type C—Accelerating admixtures‚ 1.1.4 Type D—Water-reducing and retarding
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