Chapter 2 Cellular respiration and ATP synthesis By the end of this chapter you should be able to: a outline the stepwise breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration; f explain the significance of the Krebs cycle in ATP formation; b explain the sequence of steps in glycolysis; g c describe the structure of a mitochondrion‚ relating its structure to its function; explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation with reference to the electron transport chain;
Free Cellular respiration Adenosine triphosphate Glycolysis
Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life Name _____Aniqa Qureshi_ Insert the chemical symbol in the answer blank for each of the following elements. ___O______ 1. oxygen ___C______ 2. carbon ___K______ 3. potassium ___I______ 4. iodine ___H______ 5. hydrogen ___N______ 6. nitrogen ____Ca_____ 7. calcium ____Na_____ 8. sodium ____P_____ 9. phosphorus ____Mg_____ 10. magnesium ____Cl_____ 11. chloride ____Fe_____ 12. iron In the space below‚ list the chemicals (above) from the MOST
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define this set of organisms as most opinions differ as to which organisms should be a part of this group. However‚ they can be broadly defined as a large group of related bacteria that have similar properties and convert carbohydrates to lactic acid by lactic acid fermentation. 1 Glucose hexose isomerase 2 ATP 2 Lactic Acid + 4ATP They are heterotrophic and can be found extensively in nature including plant leaves (e.g. Lactobacillus‚ Leuconostoc)‚ the animal’s oral cavity
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Identification of Bacterial Pathogens basic skills in diagnostic bacteriology Dr.T.V.Rao MD Dr.T.V.Rao MD 1 Identification of Microorganisms • For many students and professionals the most pressing topic in microbiology is how to identify unknown specimens. • Why is this important? • Labs can grow‚ isolate and identify most routinely encountered bacteria within 48 hrs of sampling. • The methods microbiologist use fall into three categories: ♣Phenotypic- morphology (micro and
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dioxide à Glucose + Oxygen 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis Cellular Respiration- process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen; Aerobic
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2.3 Honey Honey has been used by humans over several decades for its nutritive and therapeutic. It has been used as a sweetener and flavoring agent in foods and beverages. The sweetness of honey is due to the different forms of carbohydrate present in honey such as monosaccharides‚ fructose‚ glucose and disaccharides‚ maltose‚ isomaltose‚ maltulose‚ sucrose and turanose (Ayoub Meo et al.‚ 2016). Honey is rich in Vitamin B6‚ Vitamin C‚ trace vitamin B‚ amino acids‚ antioxidants‚ folic acid‚ iron
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DIFFUSION= The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Atoms and small molecules can move across a cell membrane by diffusion. OSMOSIS= Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until there is an equal concentration of fluid on both sides of the membrane. SELECTIVE PERMEABLE MEMBRANE=a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows
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fruits‚ pineapples‚ coconuts‚ guavas‚ litchis‚ jackfruit‚ mangoes‚ melons‚ papayas‚ and passion fruit. However‚ these fruits were never eaten or added to dishes unless they are fresh. For instance‚ coconuts provided juice for drinking‚ sap for fermentation‚ and milk or cream used in numerous stewed dishes" (Kittler‚ p 340). Traditional meals included poi or broiled taro root‚ breadfruit‚ or green bananas‚ fish or pork‚ and greens or seaweed. Evening supper was generally the largest meal‚ and
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the type of terminal (final) electron acceptor determines the type or metabolism. • Aerobic respiration – Final electron receptor is oxygen (O2) • Anaerobic respiration – Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule (not O2) • Fermentation – Final electron acceptor is an organic molecule Aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O ∆G = -686kcal/mol of glucose ∆G can be even higher than this in a cell • This large amount of energy must be released in
Free Cellular respiration Adenosine triphosphate
WHAT IS HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? * High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a calorie-providing sweetener used to sweeten foods and beverages‚ particularly processed and store-bought foods. It is made by an enzymatic process from glucose syrup that is derived from corn. A relatively new food ingredient‚ it was first produced in Japan in the late 1960s‚ then entered the American food supply system in the early 1970s. HFCS is a desirable food ingredient for food manufacturers because it is equally
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