al Chain Reactions: Bromination of Arenes Introduction The purpose of the bromination of arenes was to determine the different reactivities of different hydrocarbons with different hydrogen atoms when reacted with bromine under free-radical substitution. The time it took for the bromine color to disappear was used to determine the order of reactivity of the different hydrocarbons. Data and Results The data of the 10 hydrocarbon tubes and the 2 control tubes with bromine and dichloromethane in
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Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to prepare phenylmagnesium bromide‚ a Grignard reagent‚ and react it with benzophenone to give triphenylmethanol. Once made‚ the Grignard reagent will do a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the ketone‚ benzophenone. The result is an alkoxide that is then protonated to give the alcohol‚ triphenylmethanol. The purity of the final product will then be considered by melting point and IR spectroscopy. Final purified triphenylmethanol weighed 8.02 grams
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oxidation state of a carbon atom can be used to find a change in the oxidation state. The rules used assign carbon a formal oxidation state based on +1 for any atom less electronegative than carbon‚ -1 for atoms more electronegative‚ and 0 for C-C bonds. The carbon must bear an oxidation number that makes this sum equal zero. Increasing the oxidation state or oxidation number of the carbon atom is called an oxidation reaction. This is done in two ways: 1) Increasing the number of carbon-O bonds (or any
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technologies and scientific methods were used by historians and archaeologists tried to work out the life and death of Ötzi. Some of these major methods are: Examining the photos from the excavation site for the layout of Ötzi ’s surroundings. Carbon-14 dating to date when Ötzi had lived. A Mass Spectrometer (AMS) is used to discover Ötzi’s social background. X-ray‚ CAT scan and DNA analysis also used to determine the possible causes of his death. By examining the photos taken at the site‚
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How many carbon (C)‚ hydrogen (H)‚ and oxygen (O) atoms are found in a molecule of glucose? C:6 H:12 O:6 2. Turn on Show chemical structure. Each black sphere represents a carbon‚ hydrogen‚ or oxygen atom. The lines connecting the spheres represent chemical bonds. A. How many black spheres are in the diagram? 24 B. How does this relate to the number of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen atoms in the chemical formula for glucose? It is the same number as all of the carbons‚ hydrogens
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different hydrocarbons. The most important processes in the petroleum refining are fractional distillation‚ catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming. C. Coal Raw material for the production of organic compounds Synthesis gas‚ a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen‚ can be derived from natural gas‚ coal or petroleum. Fractional distillation of petroleum. The lighter‚ more volatile fractions are removed from higher up the column‚ and the heavier‚ less volatile fractions are removed from
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half-lives. One half-life is the amount of time required for ½ of the original atoms in a sample to decay (O’Neil).” Radiometric methods provide one of the most important ways to date fossils. The main types of radiometric dating are Potassium-argon‚ carbon-14 or radiocarbon‚ thermoluminescence‚ and electron-spin-resonance. Potassium-argon dating is used for dating volcanic rocks associated with fossil material. It can date better for older specimens but when used for younger specimens it can give a
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Br2/CH2Cl2 0.50 % KMnO4 10% NaOH 10% Na2CO3 unknowns hydrocarbons Discussion Hydrocarbons‚ compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen‚ can be classified into several types‚ depending on their structure. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into three classes: alkanes have only single bonds‚ and are said to be saturated; alkenes and alkynes have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds‚ and are said to be unsaturated. Aromatic hydrocarbons are cyclic compounds whose structure is related to
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Polymer Essay: Plexiglass Many of the glass screens and windows we see today are not really made of glass. They are made of plexiglass. Plexiglass is not related to the chemical structure of glass at all. It is an organic polymer. Today this polymer is used in all sorts of applications. The formation of plexiglass was begun in 1930‚ at McGi11 University by William Chalmers‚ a research student. He polymerized methacrylic ethyl ester and methacrylic nitirile‚ creating a clear plastic paste
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tube/CuO-NiO reactor (Thermo Fisher Scientific) operating on 1020 °C. During carbon and nitrogen analysis by GC-IRMS‚ analytes were measured against a laboratory standard gas (CO2 and N2‚ respectively) which was introduced into at the beginning and the end of each run. Both standard gases were calibrated to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) and Air‚ respectively. The typical deviation from atrazine measurements was ± 0.7‰ for carbon and ± 0.9‰ for nitrogen according to Meyer et al. (Meyer et al.‚
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