reaction due to the electron-rich site at the double bond‚ which results in bromine acting as an electrophile. In this reaction‚ the cinnamic acid reacts as an alkene. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond. In a double bond‚ a pair of electrons lies between the carbon atoms in a σ bond and the other pair of shared electrons lie above and below the plane in a π bond. This electron rich area of the molecule is fairly exposed for electrophilic attack. An electrophile is a species
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bond between a metal and a carbon. There are three types of carbon-metal bonds: ionic‚ polar covalent‚ and covalent. The ionic bonded compounds (example: RNa) have a weak bond between the carbon and the metal‚ and are therefore not useful because they are so volatile‚ and they will react with nearly anything. The covalent bonded compounds (example: R2Pb) are toxic. The compounds that are polar covalent bonded are Grignard reagents and are useful in making carbon-carbon bonds and reducing carbonyls
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elements and compounds; name the most abundant elements in the human body if water is included; name some that are crucial but less abundant An element is a pure substance that can’t be broken up A compound consists of two or more different elements Carbon‚ Hydrogen‚ Oxygen‚ and Nitrogen are the most abundant elements Iron and Iodine are crucial but less abundant Distinguish between ionic bonds‚ covalent bonds (how are nonpolar and polar covalent bonds different)‚ and hydrogen bonds‚ noting their
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effectively is known as ________. 8. Using the rules for chemical notation‚ write the molecular formula for gkucoze‚ a compound composed of 6 carbons atoms‚ 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms. 9. Indetify and describe three types of chemical reactions important to human physiology. 10. In cells‚ glucose‚ a six-carbon molecule‚ is converted into two thee-carbon molecules by a reaction that releases energy. How woud you classify this reaction? 11. What is an enzyme? 12. Why are enzymes needed in our
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substances: Organic compounds – are compounds that contain carbon and were originally made by living things e.g. carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins‚ nucleic acids Inorganic compounds – are compounds do not contain carbon as a main element Organic compounds | Composition | Function | Proteins | Carbon‚ hydrogen‚ oxygen and nitrogen | Used in the structure‚ storage‚ movement and transport of cells for growth and repair. | Lipids | Carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen | Stores energy but is more difficult
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING UNIT 10 – PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS ASSIGNMENT 1: Structures and Properties of Engineering Materials. Special attention should be paid to the Grading Criteria‚ as this will influence the way you answer each of the tasks. For each question all tasks need to be answered correctly to achieve the relevant criteria. Question 1: (P1) With the aid of clear‚ annotated diagrams‚ describe the structure associated with the following engineering
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called Electrons (3^H)‚ an isomer‚ differs from (1^H) in that: 3^H has 2 more neutrons than 1^H Nitrogen has 7 electrons and thus can form a maximum of ___ covalent bonds with other elements 3 Carbon has 6 electrons while hydrogen has 1 electron. How many covalent bonds can form between a carbon atom and hydrogen atoms 4 In the lab you are culturing human cells in order for the cells to survive they must be cultured in a solution containing 25 mM glucose. You must make 500 ml of this solution
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embedded wick‚ which is lit to provide light‚ and sometimes heat‚ and historically as a method of keeping time. Candles have appeared as a source of fine and ultrafine particles in indoor air (e.g. Hussein et al. 2006). Fine et al. (1999)‚ found high Organic Carbon (OC) emissions connected to the extinction of the candle and high EC concentrations when the flame was burning unsteady. In the mid 1800s there were two major developments in the candle wax industry‚ stearin wax and paraffin wax. Stearin
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Stoichiometric analysis can be used to determine the product yield for a given amount of reactant converted. Example of Stochiometric Analysis • Neutralization of hydrochloric acid with lime 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O • Oxidation of acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water. CH3COOH + 2O2 2CO2 + 2H2O Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 5 Example of Stochiometric Analysis • Combustion of Methane CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O • Oxidation of glucose C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 6
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technology (manmade). First use high-pressure machines that need to weight several thousand pounds and the temperatures need to up to 1500 degrees. These conditions simulate the natural conditions which diamonds form. Other options include vaporizing carbon atoms and creating an environment that allows them to form a diamond structure. Synthetic diamonds have many of the same properties as natural diamonds. These include cutting and polishing tools‚ and use in heat sinks there are more tools are
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