of energy consumption globally. Meanwhile‚ the fossil fuel mix is changing as well. Oil‚ still the leading fuel‚ has lost market share for 12 consecutive years. Coal was once again the fastest growing fossil fuel‚ with predictable consequences for carbon emissions [BP Statistical Review of World Energy‚ 2012]. Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide‚ particularly in Brazil and USA which is produced from several biomass feedstocks and different technologies [].The ethanol production methods
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polished‚ or the luster of it will never appear. Daniel Defoe Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without Confucius In mineralogy‚ diamond (from the ancient Greek αδάμας – adámas "unbreakable") is a metastable allotrope of carbon‚ where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite‚ but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions. Diamond
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Engineering‚ Chemistry and Biotechnology‚ Mapua Institute of Technology; 2Student (s)‚ Subject/Section‚ School of Chemical Engineering‚ Chemistry and Biotechnology‚ Mapua Institute of Technology ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and oxygen atoms. Alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic rings are the four classifications of hydrocarbons. Each of these classifications have different physical and chemical properties that were tested as this experiment was performed. Flammability
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Alkynes are colorless and insoluble in water. The lower the members of alkynes (acetylene‚ allylene‚ and crotonylene) are gases. The homology from carbon number 5 to 15 (C5H8 to C15 H28) are liquid and the higher members are solid. Acetylene possesses a pleasant odor when pure. The impure acetylene contains phosphine‚ hydrogen sulphide etc and hence smells bad. Acetylene can be liqiufied at 0°C under 48 Torrs of pressure. The melting point of Acetylene is -81.8°C and boiling point -83.4°C. It is
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GLS 100 Minerals and Mineral Resources The diamond is a rare mineral that is used for many different things in today’s world. Diamonds are composed of carbon know as the chemical symbol C. In a diamond the carbon atoms are covalently bonded to one another. The physical properties of the diamond consist of colors of yellow‚ brown‚ gray‚ white‚ blue‚ black‚ reddish‚ greenish and colorless. The luster is adamantine to waxy. The specific gravity is 3.5‚ which is about the average for a mineral.
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to industrialize its economy. 2. No matter how “pollution free” the new car design was‚ the cumulative environmental effects of that many more automobiles in the world would be formidable. Even clean cars would have to generate large amounts of carbon dioxide as they burned fuel‚ thus significantly worsening the greenhouse effect. 3. If China were to increase its oil consumption‚ it would have to import all its oil from the same countries that other nations relied on. 4. If China were to
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developed recklessly at the expense of the environment. The world has seen huge increases in consumption of the Earth’s scarce resources ever since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s and countries‚ especially the developed countries‚ imprudently emit carbon and other pollutants into the environment‚ causing climate change. However‚ since the 1990s‚ the world has begun to realise the importance of safeguarding man’s only habitat and have shown greater willingness to protect the environment despite the
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Part 1. Hydrocarbon Nomenclature From International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) General Form of IUPAC Nomenclature [branching substituent(s)] Root [Suffix] Rules: 1. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. This chain determines the parent name (root) of the alkane. The parent suffix for alkanes is‚ not surprisingly‚ -ane. For chains of equal length‚ pick the one with the most substituents. (Note: I number all possibilities going from left to right
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only carbon and energy source in a saline environment. Besides‚ we demonstrated for the first time the 4-HBA and BA degradation ability of H. sp. KHS3. Several Halomonas strains have been described as efficient aromatic compounds degraders (Alva and Peyton‚ 2003; García et al. 2004; García et al.‚ 2005; Oie et al.‚ 2007; Dastgheib et al.‚ 2012; Piubeli et al.‚ 2012a‚ 2012b). For example‚ H. organivorans is characterized by its ability to use a wide range of organic compounds as the only carbon source
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of The Elements By Derrick Deacon - There are 92 naturally occurring elements‚ only 17 of them make up 99.5% of the earth’s crust (including oceans and atmosphere). - In living things (plants‚ animals‚ people) the six most abundant elements are carbon‚ hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ nitrogen‚ phosphorus and sulfur. - The universe is dominated by the elements hydrogen (83%) and helium (16%) 1. The Crust The outside of the earth is a thin crust which is approximately 20 to 40km thick. The crust is a formation
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