The Nature of biology and science Cell theory: * All organisms are made of cells and the products of cells * All cells come from pre-existing cells * The cell is the smallest organisational unit Cells have an outer membrane‚ encloses fluid contents of cell (cytoplasm) Robert Hooke (1665): observed dead cells from bark Anton van Leeuwenhoek: described living cells Matthias Schleiden: plant issues Theodor Schwann: animal tissues Bacteria found without nucleus and lacking other membrane-bound
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purple-colored compound. Benedict ’s test allows for the detection of the presence of reducing sugars (sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group). All monosaccharides are reducing sugars since all of them have active carbonyl group. Some disaccharides that are exposed to a carbonyl group are also reducing sugars but less reactive than monosaccharides. By mixing the sugar solution with Benedict’s solution and heating them‚ a redox reaction will occur. The copper (II) sulphate present in Benedict’s
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benzophenone is mixed with water the results turned out to be insoluble because benzophenone is a pure hydrocarbon‚ which are very insoluble in water. When benzophenone was mixed with methyl alcohol‚ it was soluble because Methanol can hydrogen bond to the carbonyl oxygen of benzophenone. When benzophenone was added to hexanes it was partially soluble because “likes dissolve likes” benzophenone is polar and hexane in non polar. When the next compound‚ malonic acid was combined with water and with methyl alcohol
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Nickel is one of the most important elements on the periodic table. It has plenty of history‚ as well as a huge importance to society. Its has unique chemical‚ physical‚ and geological properties. Nickel is used commercially in abundance‚ as it is used anywhere from simple art products such as ceramics to complex structures such as tubing for desalination plants. It is even used in the American five-cent coin‚ the "nickel".<br><br>Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt‚ in Sweden‚ during
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The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize triphenylmethanol from a Grignard reagent. The Grignard reaction technique was used in this synthesis but due to the fact that it is such a strong nucleophile and base‚ it was important to prevent water from interfering with the Grignard reaction. Purity of the product was determined by measuring the melting point. Reagent Table: Structure Name Molecular formula Molar mass Density Melting point Boiling Point Diethyl ether C4H10O
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A simple‚ rapid‚ specific and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the quantification of dabigatran etexilate mesylate (DAB) in bulk and capsule dosage form. A linear relationship was found between fluorescence intensity and DAB concentration in the range of 0.01-1.0 μg/ml in DMSO as solvent at an emission wavelength of 391 nm after excitation at 334 nm‚ with a good correlation coefficient (0.989). The detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.005 and 0
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In order to carry out this test the following procedures must be carried out including agitating the carbonyl compound within 0.5cm3 of methanol and then adding 3cm3 of dinitrophenylhydrazine. These tests were carried out on butanol‚ butanone‚ unknown a and unknown b which could all be concluded as positives tests given the large amount of yellow to red
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of browning‚ a.) Reaction of ketones and aldehydes among the reducing sugars with amino compounds like amino acids‚ peptides and proteins. This reaction is not dependent on the presence of oxygen b.) Caramelization which takes place in polyhydroxy carbonyl compounds such as reducing sugars when heated at high
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Carbohydrates are macromolecules whose basic units are called monosaccharides (or simple sugars). These simple sugars are polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses) or ketones (ketoses)‚ depending on the chemical nature of their carbonyl group‚ containing at least three carbon atoms. The smallest monosaccharides with only three carbon atoms are collectively known as trioses; while those with four‚ five‚ six‚ and so on carbon atoms are called tetroses‚ pentoses‚ hexoses and so on‚ respectively. Carbohydrates
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Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement‚ not replace‚ the laboratory manual. A Diels-Alder Reaction History and Application: The 1950 Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder for their breakthrough work on the discovery and development of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions i. This set of reactions are enormously useful in the synthesis of six membered rings in a single stepii. These are used in many pharmaceutical applications. Tamiflu® is a drug which
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