Erik Ottosson & Fredrik Weissenrieder‚ 1996-03-01 CVA Cash Value Added - a new method for measuring financial performance Erik Ottosson Strategic Controller Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget SCA Box 7827 S-103 97 Stockholm Sweden Fredrik Weissenrieder Department of Economics Gothenburg University and Consultant within Value Based Management FWC AB Aschebergsgatan 22 S-411 27 Göteborg Sweden Study No 1996:1 CVA Cash Value Added – A new method for measuring financial performance Erik Ottosson
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Cash & Cash Equivalents Introduction: Cash & cash equivalents may constitute a significant proportion of the total assets of an entity. It is the most liquid asset found within the asset category of a company ’s balance sheet. It is an important criterion to evaluate the liquidity and the short term solvency of a business venture. Liquidity and short term solvency means the ability of the business to pay its short term liabilities. Inability to pay-off short term liabilities affects its credibility
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Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash This includes money and other negotiable instrument that is payable in money and acceptable by the bank for deposit and immediate credit. Examples are bills and coins‚ checks‚ bank drafts and money orders. To be included or considered as cash‚ it must be unrestricted as to use‚ meaning‚ it must be readily available for use or payment of current obligations‚ thus‚ not subject to contractual or legal restrictions. The following items are included in “cash”:
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(8‚100) Tax cost (2‚730) (3‚075) (4‚590) Net cash flow $6‚020 $5‚175 $10‚710 Discount factor (6%) .943 .890 Present value $6‚020 $4‚880 $9‚532 NPV $20‚432 11. a. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500‚000) $52‚500 $47‚500 $35‚500 $530‚500 Tax cost (7‚875) (7‚125) (5‚325) (4‚575) After-tax cash flow 44‚625 40‚375 30‚175 525‚925 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500‚000) $41‚724 $35‚247 $24‚623 $401‚281 NPV
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2.4.3 CASH 2.4.3.1 POLICY 1. The amount of cash kept in the office must be kept to a minimum to reduce the risk of fraud or theft. This amount should be determined by the PO or CO Head of Finance on the basis of regular cash requirements. An imprest petty cash system should be implemente (see Annex 2.4.03 Petty Cash Book template‚ and below Guidelines). 2. The maximum imprest for a petty cash fund should not exceed the equivalent of CHF 2‚000. The PO Representative or Country
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consider what types and which cash flows should be included in capital budgeting analysis. D&D was producing and marketing two major product lines: 1. Lift-Off: Low –suds‚ concentrated powder. 2. Wave: Traditional powder detergent. Questions & Answers: 1. If you were in Steve Gasper’s place‚ would you argue to include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow? If I’m Steven Gasper’s I would not include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow. The reason is because
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that is implied by traditional buy-out and leveraged recapitalizations. Fair market value of the firm: Rm: Prime rate = 9% rf: risk free rate = 7.2% Average Unleveraged beta bu = = .839 Assume that growth rate : g = 2%‚ RPm = 4% ‚ tax rate is 35% Unlevered cost of equity rsu = rf + RPm (bu) = 7.2% + 4%(.839) = 10.56% Operating cash flow using base case projections: 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Cash Flow 7‚772 9‚233 9‚807 10‚292 10‚513 Interest Expenses 3‚587 3‚042 2‚324 1‚507 599
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terminal value (TV) a material component of firm values? From the exhibit‚ we can find the PV of five years’ dividends is small part of the market price of the stock. In my opinion‚ we buy a stock then get dividend periodically‚ which like buy a bond. The coupon payment is dividend and the face value is terminal value. The bond value is determined by the terminal value mostly. So the stock price is also determined by terminal value. The concept of going concern can explain that Terminal value is often
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Why has the value of cash increased over time? * Thomas W. Bates Arizona State University Thomas.Bates@asu.edu Ching-Hung (Henry) Chang Arizona State University Ching-Hung.Chang@asu.edu Jianxin (Daniel) Chi University of Nevada‚ Las Vegas Daniel.Chi@unlv.edu First Draft: January 2011 This Draft: December 2011 Abstract: The value of cash holdings by U.S. non-financial firms has increased significantly over the past three decades. An additional dollar of cash holdings is valued at $0.61 in
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1888 The First National Manual Cash Register In 1883 on January the 30th James Ritty receives a Patent for inventing the cash register. Ritty owned a cafe in Dayton in the 1870s it was a popular cafe but somehow always lost money Ritty then blamed the bartenders and other workers for stealing. What Ritty dealt with was very common in the late 1800s. Ritty later went on a vacation on a ship whist on the ship he observed the workings of an automatic device that recorded the revolutions of the ship’s
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