Glycolysis Two stage process Stage 1 – trapping and destabilising glucose in order to produce 2x3c molecules (5steps in the process). Requires energy (2 ATPs) Stage 2 – oxidation of the 3c molecules to pyruvate (5steps in the process). Energy generated (4tps and 2 NADH) Stage 1 Step 1 – trapping glucose‚ glucose enters via facilitated diffusion through specific transport proteins. The family of transporters is known as GLUT‚ GLUT 3 (brain‚ nerve tissue) Low Km allows relatively constant rate
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding‚ decoding‚ regulation‚ and expression of genes. Together with DNA‚ RNA comprises the nucleic acids‚ which‚ along with proteins‚ constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA‚ RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides‚ but is usually single-stranded. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (often notated
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The protonation states of amino acids are important for understanding enzymatic catalysis‚ pH changes‚ and the intermolecular interactions which stabilize the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (1). As the building blocks of proteins‚ amino acids are the key role of structure‚ function‚ and inactions with other molecules. Proteins
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References: 1) Reusch‚ Rosetta N. "Chemical Reactivity." Chemical Reactivity. Michigan State University‚ n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2013. 2) Jaschke‚ A.; Seeling‚ B.; Keiper‚ S.; Stuhlmann‚ F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000‚ 39‚ 4576-4579. Enantioselective Ribozyme Catalysis of a Bimolecular Cycloaddition Reaction. 3) Weldegirma‚ Solomon. "Experiment 2: Diels-Alder Reaction: Synthesis of cis-Norbornene-5‚ 6-endo-dicarboxylic anhydride." Experimental Organic Chemisty. Fall 2012 ed. Mason: Cengage Learning‚ 2012. 05 Mar
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Synthesis of Butyl Benzoate Using Phase Transfer Catalysis The objective of the experiment is to synthesize the butly benzoate by nucleophilic substitution and characterize it by IR spectroscopy. The percent yield of the final product is determined after the synthesis. Procedures: 2.0 mL of 1-bromobutane‚ 3.0 g of sodium benzoate‚ 5.0 mL of water‚ 4 drops of Aliquat 336‚ and a boiling stone were placed in a 50mL round-bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and the flask
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From performing the pH experiment it has proven that pH buffer 7 is the optimum pH for catalase in potatoes. This is because the height of the bubbles was the highest of all three tests (pH 3‚ pH 7‚ pH 9) reaching an average height of 0.433 cm. See graph 3. While pH buffer 3’s average height was 0.233 cm only reaching a maximum height of 0.3 cm in Trial 3 and pH buffer 9’s average height being 0.333 cm only reaching a maximum height of 0.4 cm again in Trial 3. See table 1. Therefore this supports
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Six Factors Affecting the Performance of an Enzyme Enzymes are considered catalysts; substances that increase the rates of reactions. Enzymes are responsible for thousands of metabolic processes that involve the sustainment of life‚ one common one is simple food digestion. Without enzymes‚ digestion would occur too slowly for life to continue. Enzymes maintain a protein structure consisting of one or possibly more than one polypeptide chains of defined primary structure‚ and take up a characteristic
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The RNA Worlds in Context Thomas R. Cech Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry‚ Howard Hughes Medical Institute‚ University of Colorado‚ Boulder‚ Colorado 80309-0215 Correspondence: thomas.cech@colorado.edu SUMMARY There are two RNAworlds. The first is the primordial RNAworld‚ a hypothetical era when RNA served as both information and function‚ both genotype and phenotype. The second RNA world is that of today’s biological systems‚ where RNA plays active roles in catalyzing biochemical
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and pesticides. The dehydration of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene can be accomplished by pyrolysis of the cyclic secondary alcohol with an acid catalyst at a moderate temperature or by distillation over alumina or silica gel. We will be performing catalysis by phosphoric acid. The mixture of cyclohexanol with phosphoric acid is heated in a flask equipped with a fractionating column‚ forming water. Further heating promotes the distillation of water and cyclohexene by the principle of stem distillation
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areas of science. Examples • identification of therapeutic target sites‚ such as the metal-binding sites that may be responsible for some of the pathological effects of Alzheimer’s disease • elucidation of the chemistry associated with enzyme catalysis‚ particularly in relation to the influence of redox or charge state on the electronic and molecular structure of
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