In early fall of 2015‚ news agencies across the U.S. were publishing stories about a report issued by the Environmental Protection Agency detailing violations of the Clear Air Act by Volkswagen automobiles. It had been discovered by investigative teams that Volkswagen had been cheating emissions control tests with illegal software in their programmable diesel engines. The engines were programmed to lower their nitrogen (NOx) emissions during standard testing when in real-world driving‚ they actually
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1. You should have a basic understanding of the terms ‘valid’ and ‘sound’ and be able to identify valid and sound arguments. 2. In the trial of Dudley and Stephens‚ how did the defense argue that Dudley and Stephens were innocent? Why does the prosecution reject this argument? How would a utilitarian judge the case? * They were argued to be innocent because it was out of necessity to kill the boy * Had they not killed and eaten the boy‚ they could have died * The boy was already
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reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative‚ which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative‚ which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: "Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and
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quick decision at the drop of a hat. Kill or be killed. Their own pursuit of happiness and life is protected. Formalizism Emmanuel Kant developed formalizes theory. It focuses on carrying out your duties without thinking about the consequences. Categorical and Practical
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Philosophy 101 Final Paper: Answer to five Questions on Castell and Borchert’s Introduction to Modern Philosophy‚ 4th ed. (Pearson-Macmillan‚ 1983). Question #1: Why does Hume think that the “design” in nature cannot prove God’s existence? Answer: One of the most common reasons why people say they believe in God is that the universe seems to have been intentionally designed. Hume observes that while we may perceive two events that seem to occur in conjunction‚ there is no way for us to
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Kahn’s categorical imperative‚ his principle of universal law‚ and principle of humanity as ends in themselves are all ideas that he believes we must think about when talking about things such as divorce. He believed that our actions were divided into two types of duty: perfect
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external causes. Reason on the other hand‚ regulates will internally. The instructions of rationality are as such‚ for both thought and morality‚ the will is precise which is that every rational being is expected to act according to reason. Categorical imperative demands the will to act in such a way that it creates its own laws and subjects itself to them. These laws must conform to reason‚
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circumstances of extreme suffering is the morally right action as opposed to the alternative‚ living in pain. J.S. Mill’s Utilitarian ideals provide strong reasoning to support suicide in instances of severe pain‚ while Kant’s moral theory of the categorical imperative provides reasoning against taking one’s own life. Mill’s principle of utility is the maximization of pleasure and the reduction of pain. Mill regards happiness as the greatest good in life and all actions should be performed as long as they
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from examples or experience‚ but must be made up of a priori from practical reasoning. The moral law most also be a categorical imperative because acting immorally is deciding to make an exception for you when others have to obey the law. Kant thinks there is only one categorical imperative‚ but that it can be expressed in many different ways. One way Kant uses a categorical imperative is to use the concept of an end in itself. He says all of our actions have
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which are the foundation of their duty to gain good will. Good intensions bring out good will. As Kant presents the four reasons of all actions‚ he believes that one gains the ability to test and evaluate moral actions universally by the categorical imperative. In determining an individual’s will one must understand that the intention behind the action must be moral excluding all inclinations. However‚ intentions and will‚ good or bad‚ play the role in finding the reason for portraying
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