whether the chain of causation was broken. The chain of causation can be broken by the victim’s own act. The defendant won’t be the legal cause if he can show that the victim caused the end result himself. This will only happen if the victim’s reaction was totally unforeseeable. This links to the case R v Williams (1992) because the defendant didn’t think that the victim would jump out the car when the defendant attempted to rob the victim. Another way the chain of causation can be broken is by an
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popular 1995 film involving crime is “Bad Boys” directed by Michael Bay. Michael Bay and his team of writers were able to film a highly intense action-comedy based around two detectives fighting organized crime. By examining distortions‚ crime causation theories‚ and the image portrayed in “Bad Boys‚” the viewer is absorbed into the Hollywood perspective of our justice system. “Bad Boys” is a hilarious action filled movie that distracts the viewer from things like logic and coherence. Detectives
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Although many of us studying behavior want to accept the hypothesis; taking vitamins causes crime‚ there are many possible factors we need to consider before confirming the hypothesis to be true. By avoiding the “correlation versus causation fallacy‚” illustrated in the textbook‚ the newspaper article lacks sufficient evidence to conclude vitamins as a cause to the increase in crime reports. By conducting an experimental design‚ researchers can test if there’s any correlation between the two variables
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damage. 3) Issue presented Factual issues: Would the injury have occurred if Mr. Afshar had informed Miss Chester about the risks involved? Legal issues: What is the relevant question of causation? Should normal principles of causation be departed for reasons of justice? Plaintiff’s argument: It is the duty of the surgeon to inform the patient about any risks associated with the surgical procedure. Failure to perform as such
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then left without calling for assistance or summoning an ambulance. The Omission was the defendant not helping the man outside the club from being beaten up and not calling for assistance. Causation – Causation is the direct link between the act of the defendant and the outcome of the crime. Causation is the finding out of what caused the outcome of the crime. Blaue‚ R v [1975] CA D stabbed an 18-year-old woman V and punctured her lung. At the hospital‚ V was told she would need a blood transfusion
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Kant argues against both rationalism and empiricism‚ citing dogmatism and skepticism as their respective downfalls‚ and instead creates his own Copernican revolution by proposing a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism‚ the synthetic a priori. Colloquial usage of the term dogmatism refers to an absolutist mentality that doesn’t allow for the revision or inclusion of new knowledge. Dogmatism in a philosophical context is somewhat similar‚ as it refers to the often unjustified acceptance of knowledge
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Life Course Theory: Role it plays in Relation between health and social causation Life Course Approach to an individual’s development began in the twentieth century‚ and was a full-fledged theory by the 1990’s. Giele and Elder define a life course as “a sequence of socially defined events and roles that the individual enacts over time” (qtd. in “Life Course Theory”). The discipline involves studying the development of individual development holistically‚ and as a part of socio-historical‚ geographical
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plaintiff must prove all the below elements to prove the defendant’s negligence: 4. Duty of Care - that the defendant owed to him a legal duty of care‚ and Breach of duty - that the defendant has been guilty of a breach of that duty‚ and Causation - that damage has been caused to the plaintiff by that breach‚ and Remoteness of damages The burden of proof is placed on the plaintiff. 1. 2. 3. 6 2. The General Principles of Liability for Negligence 2.1 Duty of Care •
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of the actus reus. Absolute liability offences do not require proof of any mens rea element‚ but are satisfied by proof of the actus reus only. Second‚ the distinction can be seen by examining the issue of causation In strict liability‚ the prosecution is required to prove the causation of the actus reus and the offence. In Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd v National Rivers Authority [1998] HL‚ the lordship said that‚ ‘While liability [for water pollution] is strict and therefore includes liability
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1. What are historical explanations? Historical explanations are another term for ultimate explanations which are concerned with the entire existence of a group of organisms as opposed to just the explanations of a specific individual. 2. How are Freudian concepts historical explanations? What mistake do such explanations make to manufacture an immediate cause of behavior? Freudian concepts are historical explanations because of the use of childhood experiences as explanations for adulthood behavior
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