Shipping Market Cycles The four most expensive words in the English language are‚ ‘This time it’s different’. (Sir John Templeton‚ quoted in Devil Take the Hindmost‚ Chancellor 1999‚ p. 191) 3.1 INTRODUCING THE SHIPPING CYCLE Market cycles pervade the shipping industry. As one shipowner put it: ‘When I wake up in the morning and freight rates are high I feel good. When they are low I feel bad’.1 Just as the weather dominates the lives of seafarers‚ so the waves of shipping cycles ripple through
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commentary The boundless carbon cycle Tom J. Battin‚ Sebastiaan Luyssaert‚ Louis A. Kaplan‚ Anthony K. Aufdenkampe‚ Andreas Richter and Lars J. Tranvik The terrestrial biosphere is assumed to take up most of the carbon on land. However‚ it is becoming clear that inland waters process large amounts of organic carbon and must be considered in strategies to mitigate climate change. A tmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased from ~280 ppm before the industrial revolution to over 384
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Business Cycle Defined The term business cycle refers to the rise and fall in economic activity over what can be several months or even years. These patterns of contraction and expansion occur around a long term growth trend of increased real gross domestic product. It was after World War II that the modern theory of business cycles came to its current evolution. (Sachese‚ Small & Small‚ 2009) Economists Arthur F. Burns and Wesley C. Mitchell have characterized business cycles in what many economists
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STAGES OF A BUSINESS CYCLE RECESSION A recession—also sometimes referred to as a trough—is a period of reduced economic activity in which levels of buying‚ selling‚ production‚ and employment typically diminish. This is the most unwelcome stage of the business cycle for business owners and consumers alike. A particularly severe recession is known as a depression. RECOVERY Also known as an upturn‚ the recovery stage of the business cycle is the point at which the economy "troughs" out and starts
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MODELS OF ADOPTION CYCLE The Technology Adoption Lifecycle The technology adoption lifecycle model describes the adoption or acceptance of a new product or innovation‚ according to the demographic and psychological characteristics of defined adopter groups. The process of adoption over time is typically illustrated as a classical normal distribution or "bell curve." The model indicates that the first group of people to use a new product is called "innovators‚" followed by "early adopters." Next
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interprets the statistical characteristics of the Polish business cycle. It also identifies leading and lagging variables and shows that the economic fluctuations in Poland differ to some extent from those in other emerging and mature economies‚ with Polish growth notably more volatile and government expenditure highly erratic. The available data on GDP growth suggest that the Polish economy is approaching the peak of the second business cycle since the start of economic transformation from a centrally
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The Never Ending Cycle Everyone has heard someone comment on poverty in the United States. Some people say‚ "the poor have only themselves to blame for their situation." Or‚ "why don’t they get a job?" This is the problem with society today; the different levels of the class structure have grown so far apart from one another they cannot even relate to one another. People look down on the poor as unmotivated and lazy when‚ in fact‚ it is not their fault‚ but the fault of a society that does
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business cycle. What stage is the US currently in? How do you know? What tools can the federal government use to turn the economy around? A business cycle is identified as a sequence of four phases: * Contraction (A slowdown in the pace of economic activity) * Trough (The lower turning point of a business cycle‚ where a contraction turns into an expansion) * Expansion (A speedup in the pace of economic activity) * Peak (The upper turning of a business cycle) A recession
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Animal cells do not have a cell wall. Instead of a cell wall‚ the plasma membrane (usually called cell membrane when discussing animal cells) is the outer boundary of animal cells. Animal tissues therefore require either external or internal support from some kind of skeleton. Frameworks of rigid cellulose fibrils thicken and strengthen the cell walls of higher plants. Plasmodesmata that connect the protoplasts of higher plant cells do not have a counterpart in the animal cell model. During telophase
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Learning about Cells. First thing I want to show you is two beautiful pictures of a Cell. Imagine all of this is in something so small we cannot see it with our naked eyes. About 10‚000 average-sized human cells can fit on the head of a pin. There are a few exceptions‚ but the average cell is very tiny. Here are a few beautiful examples of a cell structure to kind of give you an idea of its beauty‚ and how they fit together. Plasma Membrane (cell membrane) First we are going to learn about
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