abundant Distinguish between ionic bonds‚ covalent bonds (how are nonpolar and polar covalent bonds different)‚ and hydrogen bonds‚ noting their relative strengths and in what types of molecules they might be found. Give an example of each in a biological system. Covalent bonds are bonds that involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. This type of bond is usually only between two nonmetal elements. Covalent bonds are strong bonds compared to other bonds‚ except ionic
Premium Atom Protein Chemical bond
There are COX enzyme isoforms include COX-1 and COX-2. (Figure 3.8) These enzymes originate from different genes and have distinct tissue-specific expressions and biologic functions. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and believed to responsible for the production of prostanoids in homeostasis‚ such as gastric epithelial cytoprotection and renal blood flow maintenance. COX-2 expression is inducibly expressed only at marginal levels under condition in many tissues and is upregulated
Premium Immune system Nervous system Inflammation
and measure the enzyme activity of β-galactosidase in the different concentrations of o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) using a spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer was also set at 420nm‚ a wavelength which is best for recording the absorbance values for the experiment. From the results‚ 0.9mM ONPG solution has the highest absorbance and 0.1mM ONPG solution has the least. Also‚ 0.5mM ONPG solution has the highest rate of enzyme activity and it is the most efficient as the enzyme activity of the
Premium Enzyme Catalysis Chemistry
As stated in our reading‚ “Europeans were the original ones to introduce the Columbian exchange and the collision of humanities that took place in the New World. The results of contact were generally bad: the tale is mostly one of hunger‚ disease‚ and death.” [Work Cited. #1] Disease affected everyone‚ and unfortunately the results were not pretty. The Columbian Exchange was a crossover of agriculture‚ animals‚ and diseases that came from one society to the next. The more the Spanish people came
Premium Smallpox Africa Columbian Exchange
CELL THEORY – STEM CELLS Stem cells are a large focus of study in today’s biomedical world. “They are cells that exist in an undifferentiated state‚ and transform into differing tissue types depending on what the cells surrounding them are‚“ (National Institute of Health‚ 2012). Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition‚ they also serve as an internal repair mechanism inside many tissues‚ dividing without
Premium Stem cell
of a Cell By Kathie Easter‚ for The Paper Store November‚ 1999 VISIT www. Paperwriters.com/aftersale.htm for more information on using this paper properly! The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher by Lewis Thomas consists of short‚ insightful essays that offer the reader a different perspective on the world and on ourselves. The book draws its name from the first essay‚ "The Lives of a Cell‚" in which Thomas offers his observations on ecology and the role of
Premium Olfaction Observation Essay
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Classifying Chemical Reactions Purpose: To observe and differentiate between the four different types of chemical reactions. Variables: The independent variables are the sodium chloride‚ sodium carbonate‚ magnesium‚copper‚ copper (11) sulfate‚ silver nitrate‚ oxygen‚ lead(11) nitrate‚ sodium carbonate‚ copper (11) sulfate pentahydrate. The dependent variables are the chemical reactions that are being looked for. For example decomposition‚ synthesis‚ single displacement or double
Premium Chemical reaction
Lab #5-Enzymes NAME DATE LAB PERIOD Introduction Enzymes are proteins‚ though highly complex and diverse‚ they serve one basic function; to work as an organic catalyst. A catalyst‚ as defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary‚ is a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate ("Catalyst-Definition and more."). They function by reducing the activation energy‚ or energy required to start a reaction. The way enzymatic reaction works cannot be altered‚ but the
Premium Enzyme
for the effects of temperature on the enzyme activity was that the reaction’s rate would increase as the temperature increased‚ until they go over the optimum temperature where the enzymes denature and the reaction’s rate quickly drops to zero. At 5 degree C the rate is 0.00059mole PNP/min. This then increases to 0.01031mmoles PNP/min at a temperature of 50 degree C. The rate then drops drastically to -0.00215moles PNP/min. This point is where the enzymes have been denatured and have no activity
Premium Enzyme Chemical reaction Catalysis
Experiment 4 – Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Aim To study the effects of temperature on the activity of amylase enzyme on starch solution. Introduction Enzymes are widely known as biological catalyst. Almost all cellular reactions are controlled and guarded by enzymes. Virtually every metabolic reaction which takes place within a living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. Enzymes are complex three-dimensional globular proteins. Some of the enzymes are built up off proteins and some
Free Enzyme