* Petiole - the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem. * Covering the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf is a transparent layer of cells called the epidermis which forms a waterproof coating‚ the cuticle. * Substances enter and leave the leaf by two routes: veins and stomates. * Photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll cells that contain numerous chloroplasts. These mesophyll pile up to make granum. * Water molecules are present in the air as water vapor‚ they are
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with a history of the autosomal recessive disease Sickle cell anaemia should have all embryos screened with Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis technology (PGD). If tested positive‚ treatment should be made compulsory for the child at a young age and will be treated with stem cell gene therapy. This disease has no personal relevance to me‚ however‚ there is currently 90K people suffering from Sickle cell anaemia in the United States. Sickle cell anaemia is relevant to society because it greatly reduces
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The cells of the adaptive immune system are special types of leukocytes‚ called lymphocytes. There are two main types of lymphocytes‚ B cells and T cells‚ which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immune response‚ whereas B cells are involved in the humoral immune response. The surface of each lymphatic cell has receptors that enable them to recognize foreign substances. There are two major subtypes of T cells: the helper T cell and
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it runs off the smear. The pink color of the primary stain will wash off the smear will become lighter. When this edge is colorless‚ thoroughly rinse the slide with water to stop further Some bacteria contain a waxy lipid‚ mycolic acid‚ in there cell wall. This
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers - Although each class of polymer is made up of a different type of monomer‚ the chemical mechanisms by which the cells make and break down polymers. Enzymes- specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions. -Monomers are connected by a reaction in which TWO molecules are covalently bonded to each other ( to my understanding‚ a water molecule is what
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amphibians. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e.‚ have an amine group attached) molecules of β-glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die
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Exercise 13 MITOSIS: REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. a. Mitosis and cytokinesis are often referred to collectively as "cellular division." Why are they more accurately called cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of two cells (replicates) identical to the parent cell. The genetic material is replicated rather than divided. b. Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and
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systems that move nutrients and water throughout the plant body through "tubes" of conductive cells. The vascular tissues of these plants are called xylem and phloem. The xylem of vascular plants consists of dead cells placed end to end that form tunnels through which water and minerals move upward from the roots (where they are taken in) to the rest of the plant. Phloem‚ which is made up of living cells‚ carries the products of photosynthesis (organic nutrients) from the leaves to the other parts
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CELL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND PERMEABILITY Zack Johnson Human Anatomy & Physiology Lab 2101 Instructor: Alan Byboth‚ M.S. 10/4/12 Abstract- The cell is invaluable building block of all biological life on this planet‚ and one of its most important and unique characteristics is its ability to be selectively permeable with its plasma membrane. This outer membrane’s sophisticated mechanisms of transport through its bilayer are vital in maintaining homeostasis in the cell and the entire
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of living organisms 2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment 3. Simple Keys Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism 1. Cell structure and organisation 2. Levels of organisation 3. Size of specimens 4. Movement in and out of cells 4.1 Diffusion 4.2 Active transport 4.3 Osmosis 5. Enzymes 6. Nutrition 6.1 Nutrients 6.2 Plant nutrition 6.2.1 Photosynthesis 6.2.2 Leaf structure 6.2.3 Mineral requirements 6.3 Animal nutrition
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