Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – sugars‚ encompasses the monomers‚ called monosaccharides‚ small polymers called oligosaccharides‚ and large polymers called polysaccharides 5.1 Sugars as Monomers 1. How Monomers Differ a. Monosaccharide – simple sugar‚ monomer i. Carbonyl group serves as a distinguishing feature 1. At end of molecule‚ forms an aldehyde sugar (aldose) 2. In middle of molecule‚ forms a ketone sugar (ketose)
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The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane‚ and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins The structure of the membrane covering the outside of every cell of the body is discussed in Chapter 2 and illustrated in Figures 2–3 and 4–2.This membrane consists almost entirely of a lipid bilayer‚ but it also contains large numbers of protein molecules in the lipid‚ many of which penetrate all the way through the membrane‚ as shown in Figure 4–2. The lipid bilayer is not miscible with either the extracellular
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microorganisms able to break down biomass‚ will be vital for improving the prospects of significant cellulosic biofuel production. he capture of solar energy through photosynthesis is a process that enables the storage of energy in the form of cell wall polymers (that is‚ cellulose‚ hemicellulose and lignin). The energy stored in these polymers can be accessed in a variety of ways‚ ranging from simple burning to complex bioconversion processes. The high energy content and portability of biologically
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fruit milk β-glucose fructose O maltose starch glycogen cellulose chitin = = = = polymer of glucose polymer of α-glucose polymer of β-glucose polymer of glucosamine (glucose with an amino acid attached) chloroplast stroma muscle cells plant cell wall exoskelteton of arthropods O O O O cellulose Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sugars. They all have the basic formula (CH2O)n and can be classified according to how many carbon atoms they contain
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most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles‚ such as the nucleus‚ while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts‚ the cell wall‚ and the structure of chromosomal DNA. Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution. Prokaryotes
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Osmosis in Red Onion Cells By: Youssef Gharib Brief Description of Osmosis in Red Onion cells: Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. The purpose of this lab is to compare the three different types of solutions affect on the relative size of the vacuole to the cell‚ the outer membrane of onion red cells (tunics) are used to figure out the different types. In the red onion you can see effects promptly
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Quantitative data From observing the cells under a microscope‚ we see that they are continuously moving and therefore are alive. We have observed that when the cells are in the 10% sodium chloride‚ the chloroplasts are positioned to the sides of the cell wall and the cytoplasm is more expanded. Cells in the distilled water are slightly smaller than the cells in the sodium chloride solution and the chloroplasts have begun moving to the same. Finally‚ cells in the isotonic water are very small and
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calcium might aid in the growth of lima beans. Background Information: In plant growth‚ calcium effects the metabolic process of other nutrient uptake that is vital for growth of the plant. Calcium also strengthens the cell wall structure (It is an essential part of the cell wall);
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formed so cell division is prevented. During telophase taxol causes the reversal of prophase events such as the chromosomes decondense‚ spindle disassembly‚ nuclear envelope reformation‚ the Golgi apparatus and E.R. reform and the nucleus also reforms. Cytokinesis effects are that the cell still divides for animal cells a cleavage furrow made of actin and myosin II constricts the middle of the cell and in plants the phragmoplast forms at the equator of the spindles where a new cell wall forms
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Examination of Onion Epidermal Cells Requirements: Iodine solution HARMFUL Onion Distilled Water Apparatus: Microscope Microscope slides & cover slips Tile Knife Tweezers Pasteur Pipettes Assignment: I was given the onion once it had been chopped up on the tile‚ ready for me to peel back the skin I required using the tweezers. I then placed piece of onionskin onto the microscope slide‚ making sure there were no folds or creases‚ and put a drop of iodine onto the slide
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