Synthesis of Butyl Benzoate Using Phase Transfer Catalysis The objective of the experiment is to synthesize the butly benzoate by nucleophilic substitution and characterize it by IR spectroscopy. The percent yield of the final product is determined after the synthesis. Procedures: 2.0 mL of 1-bromobutane‚ 3.0 g of sodium benzoate‚ 5.0 mL of water‚ 4 drops of Aliquat 336‚ and a boiling stone were placed in a 50mL round-bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and the flask
Premium Sodium Chemistry Chemical reaction
CHM 3411 – Problem Set 6 Due date: Wednesday‚ March 23rd. Do all of the following problems. Show your work. 1) Consider the cyclic molecule C8H8‚ the eight carbon analogue to benzene. a) Write the secular detrerminant corresponding to the pi-bonding in C8H8. b) Using the secular determinant‚ the following energies are found for the pi-bonding molecular orbitals: 1 = + 2 2 = + 1.41 (two states) 3 = (two states) 4 = - 1.41 (two states) 5 = - 2 Give the electron
Premium Electron Electron configuration Chemical bond
Introduction: During this laboratory exercise will identify by the graph given which is isotonic‚ hypotonic‚ or hypertonic. The kidneys are a pair of fist-sized organs located outside the peritoneal cavity on each side of the spine. The kidney is a highly specialized organ that maintains the internal environment of the body by selectively excreting or retaining various substances according to specific body needs. The process of urine formation and adjustment of blood composition involves three
Premium Renal physiology Kidney Hypothalamus
Questions and Hypothesis: Seed germination‚ plant growth‚ and sprouting of leaves are affected by several factors: supply of nutrients‚ water‚ exposure to sunlight‚ and conditions of surroundings. Due to certain stimuli in the surroundings plant “hormones” cause plants to behave in ways that ensure the most efficient use of resources while preserving the most energy. One stimulus to consider‚ is the exposure of plants to sunlight; when plants are just sprouting and are underground‚ the sti
Premium Week-day names
Alhia Harris October 18‚ 2011 Biology Lab report Proteins are very important throughout the body. They have a lot of functions in cells. Antibodies are proteins that help cells rebuild the cells when they are destroyed. Transport proteins move substances from one place to another. Regulatory proteins control cellular metabolism in a way that cells throughout the body can have the right amount of glucose in the blood. A common protein is an enzyme; in cells they speed up chemical reactions. For
Premium Protein Amino acid
cells that make up our bodies. The lungs also clean the blood of carbon dioxide waste created when cells use oxygen (Natural Geographic‚ 2012). In experiment one I hypothesize that the effect of respiration changes on carbon dioxide‚ concentration in exhaled air will be greatest the longer the respiration rate is increased. I predict that during normal breathing the time it takes to detect the carbon dioxide will be greatest.
Premium Oxygen Respiratory system Lung
bonded together they make up a molecule. Often associated with nonliving things are inorganic molecules‚ and associated with organisms are biomolecules. Today in lab‚ a series of tests were ran. Tested were the biomolecules of cells which are lipids‚ sugars‚ proteins and starch. The purpose of these tests were to test for the presences of cellular biomolecules. Some of the things that fat consist of are one glycerol and three fatty acids. Proteins are considered polymers. They are made up of smaller
Premium DNA Oxygen Metabolism
In this lab my group and I tested to see how yeast would react to different substances. Yeast is a fungi that releases carbon dioxide which can be used in the process of bread making. During this lab we used sugar‚ warm water‚ cornstarch‚ yeast‚ a gas sensor‚ plastic cylinders‚ and a laptop. The process of this lab was to create cellular respiration‚ which is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. When yeast and a certain substance were combined‚ this substance
Premium Carbon dioxide Yeast Metabolism
Lab 6: Fermentation Introduction All heterotrophs go through the process of cellular respiration in order to make energy. To obtain the most energy per glucose cellular respiration is done by aerobic cellular respiration‚ but when no Oxygen is present fermentation is used. Fermentation is the anarobic process that most organisms and fungi use. It involves the breakdown of glucose into alcohol if no Oxygen is present. CO2 is also produced during this cycle. Temperature and environment can affect the
Premium
are combined through energy to form on molecule of the carbohydrate‚ glucose‚ and six molecules of oxygen. The glucose is stored inside of the plant as starch‚ and the chemical energy is located within the bonds of the glucose molecule. Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction that derives energy for all living things from the food absorbed. The process occurs in side of the mitochondria. The mitochondrion absorbs nutrients composed of glucose and oxygen breaking them down in order to produce
Premium Photosynthesis Oxygen Plant