of the cell receiving the message‚ the three stages of cell signaling are A) the paracrine‚ local‚ and synaptic stages. B) signal reception‚ signal transduction‚ and cellular response C) signal reception‚ nucleus disintegration‚ and new cell generation. D) the alpha‚ beta‚ and gamma stages. E) signal reception‚ cellular response‚ and cell division. 4. When a cell releases a signal molecule into the environment and a number of cells in the immediate vicinity respond‚ this type of
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PLASTIDS Plastids are large cytoplasmic organelles. Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis‚ and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell’s colour. The term plastid was derived from the Greek word plastikas meaning formed or moulded. This term was coined by Schimper in 1885. In plants
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Exam 3 Review Sheet Equation for cellular respiration‚ be able to follow carbons from glucose to carbon dioxide Four stages of cellular respiration Glycolysis‚ location‚ three phases‚ output. Breakdown of pyruvate‚ location‚ input and output Citric acid cycle‚ overall goal‚ main processes. Oxidative phosphorylation‚ electron transport chain‚ final acceptor Chemiosmosis‚ role of H ions‚ role of ATP synthase Fermentation‚ steps in the process‚ alcoholic and lactate‚ where each occurs Be able
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organization Anaerobic respiration: NOT O2 Aerobic respiration: O2 final acceptor ATP is produced by the Proton Motive Force Chemiosmosis H+ accumulates outside‚ OH- inside resulting in energized state When H+ enters‚ ATP is generated *Heterotrophy (i.e.‚ chemoheterotrophy) is the use of an organic compound as a source of carbon and energy. *Lithotrophy is the use of an inorganic compound as a source of energy. Energy-Generating Metabolic Pathways 1) Aerobic respiration a) Heterotrophic
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phosphorylation‚ and reduces three molecules of NAD and one molecule of FAD for use in Oxidative Phosphorylation. The cycle is preceded by Glycolysis‚ which also occurs in anaerobic respiration‚ and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex‚ which occur in the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix respectively. In aerobic respiration‚ glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose and two molecules of pyruvate‚ and gives a net product
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Chapter 1 Revision Questions 1) List three abiotic characteristics and briefly describe the main differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments. Abiotic characteristics are: Temperature‚ Pressure and Light Availability. The differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments are: Small temperature changes occur in aquatic environments while large temperature changes occur in terrestrial environments. As the depth of water increases‚ pressure increases in aquatic environments while
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12. Briefly discuss the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. In your explanation‚ discuss and identify key molecules involved in this process and explain their relationship which each other in terms of how they contribute to the main cellular purpose of this process. Electron transport chain plays a key role of in the production of oxygen in cellular respiration. ETC uses many enzymes located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the production of oxygen. The source
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Light Lab Introduction: The purpose of this lab is to observe how influential light is to the construction and/or use of CO2 and O2 amongst plants. This can be examined by experimenting the effects of plants under both light and no light. In order to begin this experiment you must begin by wrapping the “BioChamber” with aluminum foil to prevent light from coming through to the leaves‚ however‚ once the lid has been covered you are to poke holes so you can insert the sensors. Next‚ you will
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HOW MUSCLES GET THE ENERGY THEY NEED TO WORK 1) Muscle needs energy to contract and as stated previously the ‘universal energy currency’ of living systems is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This is largely produced within mitochondria‚ organelles which are often referred to as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. The ATP that results is used to provide the power for the muscle fibres to contract. Contraction itself (i.e. actual shortening movement) occurs when a bond is broken between ATP and one of its
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without it‚ cells and body tissue could not get important nutrients for survival. In humans and animals‚ diffusion is needed during respiration. It is the way oxygen travels from the lungs to the red blood cells in the blood and the way carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the lungs from where it can be exhaled. In the oxidative phosphorylation stage of aerobic respiration‚ diffusion is vital in getting the protons across the potential gradient from the inter-membranal space to the inner membrane to
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