Zimbabwe: A worthless currency | The Economist http://www.economist.com/node/11751346/print Zimbabwe A worthless currency The local dollar is fast shrivelling away Jul 17th 2008 | JOHANNESBURG | from the print edition WITH prices doubling every few days‚ Zimbabweans now spend huge amounts of time and energy preventing their meagre cash resources from completely evaporating. Trying to catch up with galloping hyperinflation‚ now officially running at 2.2m per cent a year and at least
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The International Debt Crisis What is International Debt? Like individuals and families who borrow money to pay for a house or an education‚ countries borrow money from private capital markets‚ international financial institutions‚ and governments to pay for infrastructure such as roads‚ public services‚ and health clinics; to run a government ministry; or even to purchase weapons. Also like individuals‚ countries must pay back the principal and interest on the loans they take out. But there are
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of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in an alternative investment of equivalent risk. If a project is of similar risk to a company’s average business activities it is reasonable to use the company’s average cost of capital as a basis for the evaluation. A company’s securities typically include both debt and equity‚ one must therefore calculate both the cost of debt and the cost of equity to determine a company’s cost of capital. However‚ a rate of return larger than
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Cemex Case Write-up Cemex and the Low Income Construction Market * Cemex’s target market in Mexico does not realize their dream home‚ while they can afford it. * Cemex’s revenue comes from big-ticket/large scale customers‚ middle- and upper-income individuals‚ and low income/do-it-yourself homebuilder customers. The sales for low-income customers only drop 10-20% during 1994 Mexico crisis. And Cemex see large market potential in low-income customers market. Thus‚ Cemex’s target market
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Is Convertible Debt a Substitute for Straight Debt or for Common Equity? Craig M. Lewis Owen Graduate School of Management Vanderbilt University Nashville‚ TN 37203 Richard J. Rogalski Amos Tuck School of Business Dartmouth College Hanover‚ NH 03755 James K. Seward Graduate School of Business University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison‚ WI 53706 August 1999 *The authors thank Kooyul Jung‚ Yong-Cheol Kim and Rene Stulz for providing their equity and debt security offer data set.
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In modern day society‚ currency is an imperative part of our everyday living. From purchasing groceries to paying bills‚ it is integrated into practically every aspect of our culture. It is hard to imagine life without currency as a means of competitive exchange. However‚ in Colonial America‚ there were several different types of money used in numerous ways. One means of currency was not dominant over any other until well after the American Revolutionary War. The question arises‚ how did colonists
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Trading and Exchanges FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION Survey and Synthesis Series The Search for Value: Measuring the Company’s Cost of Capital Michael C. Ehrhardt Managing Pension Plans: A Comprehensive Guide to Improving Plan Performance Dennis E. Logue and Jack S. Rader Efficient Asset Management: A Practical Guide to Stock Portfolio Optimization and Asset Allocation Richard O. Michaud Real Options: Managing Strategic Investment in an Uncertain World Martha Amram and Nalin Kulatilaka Beyond
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Exchange is change. Rapid‚ brutal‚ beautiful‚ hurtful‚ colorful‚ amazing‚ unexpected‚ overwhelming and most of all constant change. Change in lifestyle‚ country‚ language‚ friends‚ parents‚ houses‚ school‚ simply everything. Exchange is learning to trust. Trust people‚ who‚ at first‚ are only names on a piece of paper‚ trust that they want the best for you‚ that they care. Trust‚ that you have the strength to endure a year on your own‚ endure a year of being apart from everything that mattered to
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Vietnam’s decision to devalue its currency by 5 per cent last week to protect itself from undervaluation of the Chinese renminbi‚ and the worried response from Thailand and other Asian countries‚ suggests the move towards global trade conflict may already be unstoppable. As one group of countries seeks to gain or maintain trade advantage by manipulating their currencies‚ the historical precedent suggests that countries that are not able to devalue will respond with trade protection‚ especially tariffs
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Major risks and implications of those risks for the conduct of the audit. Financing and market risk The Company generally borrows on a long-term basis and is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations. Debt obligations at December 31‚ 2007 totaled $9.3 billion‚ compared with $8.4 billion at December 31‚ 2006. The net increase in 2007 was primarily due to net issuances of $573 million and the impact of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated
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