Henri Fayol (1841-1925) Principles & Functions of Management Henri Fayol‚ a French engineer and director of mines‚ was born in a suburb of Istanbul in 1841‚ where his father‚ an engineer‚ was appointed Superintendent of Works to build a bridge over the Golden Horn. They returned to France in 1847. Fayol studied at the mining school "Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines" in St Etienne. At nineteen years of age he started as an engineer at a mining company "Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeau-Decazeville"
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(a) Norwalk Division Balanced Scorecard | | Objectives | Measures | Targets | Initiatives | Financial perspective | Maximise return on development spending Increase profits | Return on research capital (RORC) Product profitability | 30% 25% per year | Develop and introduce new productsIntroduce an intense marketing campaign | Customer perspective | Increase market shareImprove customer satisfaction | Market share Customer complaint rate | 25%< 5% | Customer loyalty
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Europe before the Renaissance had been a fragmented feudal society with an agriculturally based economy‚ and its culture and dominated by the Church. After the fourteenth century characterised by the growing national consciousness and political centralisation based on organised commerce and capitalism‚ along with the secular control of thought and culture. It was in Italy from around the time 1375 to the sack of Rome (1527) that the distinctive features and impacts of the renaissance era are revealed
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Revolutions have been a part of political affairs for centuries. It’s ideologies‚ it’s leaders‚ it’s successes and failures have shaped the history of nations worldwide. Revolutions have existed throughout human history and differ widely in terms of methods‚ motivating ideology and duration.Their results include major changes in economy‚ socio-political and culture institutions. This comparative essay focuses on three major revolutions‚ beginning with the Industrial revolution in the eighteenth century
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but in other areas it is not‚ therefore democracy cannot be fully realised in digital communication and new media. Furthermore‚ some downsides to online media will be explored‚ and reasons why it does not always promote democratic values. Decentralisation is a feature prevalent in new media‚ whereby mass media is now fragmented‚ and has smaller‚ niche options for consumers‚ as compared to traditional media which often has few choices (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler 2008:117). For example‚ while consumers
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Bureaucracy can be introduced as Standardisation of skills;Operating Core; Training‚ Horizontal job specialisation‚ decentralisation; Complex‚ stable environment; Non-regulating‚ non-sophisticated technical system; Fashionable（H. Mintzberg，1993） . The symphony Seed Sales Produces mass quantities of seed and three broad ranges of seeds ，which is Horizontal job specialisation‚ decentralisation and complex environment. There are30+ full-time salesmen – plus large back-up staff
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Management Theories:- Organisations have a variety of goals. They usually direct their energies and resources to achieve these goals. An organisation possesses human as well as non human resources that are put to use in the service of specific goals. Management is that force that unifies these resources. Without management acting as a unifying force‚ it is not possible to convert resources into useful products. Management is defined in different words by different theorists. According to Harold
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Public sector reform in Lesotho: Challenges‚ achievements and the way forward ABSTRACT THE GOVERNMENT OF LESOTHO EMBARKED UPON A LARGE-SCALE PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM EXERCISE FROM THE EARLY 1990S (PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM AND IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME-PSRIP). IT WAS DRIVEN BY THE REALISATION THAT THE PUBLIC SECTOR WAS BLOATED‚ INEFFICIENT WITH REGARD TO POOR SERVICE DELIVERY‚ WITH CORRUPTION CONSTITUTING A DRAIN ON BUDGET. THE INFLUENCE AND ‘PERSUASION’ OF THE WORLD BANK‚ THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
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one of these elements? 1) coordination 2) formalisation 3) departmentalisation 4) centralisation Question 2 (1 point) Work specialisation is the same as: 1) unity of command 2) span of control 3) job grouping 4) division of labour Question 3 (1 point) Which one of the following components of organisational structure specifically defines where decisions are made? 1) centralisation 2) technology 3) formalisation 4) complexity Question 4 (1 point) At an Alcoa aluminium
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How important is civil society to bringing about political and social change? In this essay we will explore the varying importance of civil society in different countries and across periods of time and how this relative importance is reflected in its capability for both political and social change; the former relating to a modification in the political structure or constitution and the latter an alteration in social order within society. A civil society is defined as ‘a diverse sphere of social
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