Extraction of caffeine from Lipton tea leaves Maria Gianna Beatrice L. Cancio*‚ Joe Mari Isabella B. Caringal‚ Rowena A. Chiang‚ Patricia Deanne del Valle Department of Biological Sciences‚ College of Science‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ España‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Caffeine was extracted from Lipton tea leaves by multiple extraction techniques namely solid to liquid extraction and liquid to liquid extraction; the purification by sublimation and melting point determination. Three
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Title: Acids‚ Bases & Buffers Objectives: 1. To understand the acid-base chemistry. 2. To prepare and evaluate a buffer system 3. To measure the buffering capacity of two types of isotonic drinks. Introduction: There are acid-forming‚ basic forming and neutral food‚ however the acid or alkaline properties of a food is unable to judge by the actual acidity of the food itself. For example‚ citrus fruits such as lemon are acidic‚ but they are alkaline-forming when we consume and digest it. Therefore
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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM I. Introduction In a chemical reaction‚ when reactants are mixed together in a reaction vessel‚ the whole of the reactants do not get converted into products. After some time‚ there will come a point when a fixed amount of reactants will exist in harmony with a fixed amount of products; neither amount will change anymore. This state is called chemical equilibrium (Birk‚ 1994; Jones‚ 1987; LeMay‚ 2002). There are three characteristics of a system in chemical equilibrium: a
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IS 455: 1888 Indian Standard ( Reaffiid 1995 1 PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT-SPECIFICATION ( Fourth Revision ) Second Reprint SEPTEMBER 1998 UDC 666’943 @ BIS 1990 BUREAU MANAK OF BHAVAN‚ 9 INDIAN BAHADUR NEW DELHI STANDARDS SHAH 110002 e-4 ZAFAR MARG May 1990 Cenmnt and Concrete Sectional Committee‚ CED 2 FOREWORD This Indian Standard ( Fourth Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 30 October 1989‚ after the draft finalized by the Cement
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Detection of Ions in Solutions Using Acid/Base Chemistry: A Quality Control Test Objective: This lab focuses on the detection of ions using titration as an analysis tool. You will standardize NaOH and HCl solutions so that you know the exact concentration and then prepare samples of common household items in order to determine the amount of calcium in Tang®‚ Mg(OH)2 in Milk of Magnesia‚ etc. You will learn to prepare samples of a specified concentration‚ learn about acids and bases through
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Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20‚ 1856 – March 21‚ 1915) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.[1] He is regarded as the father of scientific management and was one of the first management consultants.[2] Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas‚ broadly conceived‚ were highly influential in the Progressive Era. or passed the Harvard entrance examinations with honors. However‚ due allegedly to rapidly deteriorating
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CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 FLY ASH India produces about 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation. Coal-ash management posses a serious environmental problem for India and requires a mission-mode approach. Considerable research and development work have been undertaken across the country towards confidence building and developing suitable technologies for disposal and utilization of fly ash construction
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The Evolution Theory Evolutionists have failed in every endeavor to prove that evolution or evolutionary processes could have taken place. By Muneeb Baig‚ (Grade 10) Posted: 15 Safar 1423‚ 28 April 2002 The modern theory of evolution was developed by Charles Darwin‚ an amateur English naturalist‚ in the 19th century. He proposed that all of the millions of species of organisms present today‚ including humans‚ evolved slowly over billions of years‚ from a common ancestor by way of natural selection
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT FREDRICK TAYLOR’S PRINCPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT BACHELORS OF BUSINESS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRATHMORE UNIVERSITY Group Members 078376-Thomas Mulumbi 078561-Mansi Patel 078288-Joseph Wachira 078561-Joyce 077099-Jacquiline Gitau 077681-Joseph Kiragu 078410-Antony Mwathi TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Scientific management The four scientific management principles Management Theory Taylorism Influence on other countries USA FRANCE SWITZERLAND
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Brief Historical Development and Contributions of Chemistry for Modern Civilization Introduction: As defined by Oxford Dictionary‚ Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure of substances‚ how they react when combined or in contact with one another and how they behave under different conditions . In other words‚ Chemistry is the study of the materials and substances of the world in which we live. The materials‚ which make up the earth‚ sea and air‚ are called raw materials. These include
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