CAUSATION Causation refers to inquiry as to whether the defendants conduct (or omission) caused the harm or damage. Causation must be established in all result crimes. In criminal liability it is divided into Factual causation and Legal causation. Factual causation is the starting point and consist of applying the ‘but for’ test. In most instances where there exists no complicating factors‚ factual causation on its own will suffice to establish causation. However‚ in some circumstances it will also
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Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics‚ 42‚3(August 2010):477–485 Ó 2010 Southern Agricultural Economics Association The Impact of the Oil Sector on Commodity Prices: Correlation or Causation? Sayed H. Saghaian The interconnections of agriculture and energy markets have increased through the rise in the new biofuel agribusinesses and the oil–ethanol–corn linkages. The question is whether these linkages have a causal structure by which oil prices affect commodity prices and through
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relationships between 2+ variables * correlation studies measure variables; NOT manipulate: 1. Measure one variable (X) 2. Measure second variably (Y) 3. Statistically determine if X & Y are related (X Y) * BIDIRECTIONALITY PROBLEM: X Y‚ X Y‚ or X Y * THIRD VARIABLE PROBLEM: X Z Y * determines if association between variables exists * cannot draw causal conclusions * CORRELATION COEFFICIENT:
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Investigations Incident Causation Not Just for Fatalities Objectives • Familiarize with incident causation • Apply root cause analysis Heinrich Domino Theory Management / Root Cause • Management Structure objectives organization operations Operational Error Manager behavior/Supervisor behavior Tactical Error unsafe acts unsafe conditions LCU Theory • Accident probability is situational • Overload taxes person’s capacity • Leads to accidents (or illness) • >300 → 79% in 2 yrs • >200 → 51%
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According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2010) the web of causation “…recognizes the complex interrelationships of many factors interacting‚ sometimes in subtle ways‚ to increase (or decrease) the risk of disease” (p. 163). All things that can affect risk of disease are divided into one of three categories‚ agents‚ host‚ or environment. Examples of agents include infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses‚ chemical agents such as heavy metals and pesticides‚ or physical agents such as heat‚ cold
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CORRELATION & LINEAR REGRESSION Prof. Jemabel Gonzaga-Sidayen Spearman rank order correlation coefficient rho (rs) • Spearman rho is really a linear correlation coefficient applied to data that meet the requirements of ordinal scaling • Formula: rs = 1 - 6 Σ D i 2 N3 - N – Di = difference between the ith pair of ranks – R(Xi) = rank of the ith X score – R(Yi) = rank of the ith Y score – N = number of pairs of ranks Try this Subject Proportion of Similar Attitudes (X) Attraction (Y) Rank of
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a response to a scenario by running a correlation and regression analysis for a statistics class assignment. The assignment provides a scenario with two part‚ pursuing ways to develop and maintain online and blended programs (Szapkiw‚ 2014‚ p. 2). This assignment required the use of SPSS to “choose the appropriate tests . . . run the tests and analyze the data” (Szapkiw‚ 2014‚ p. 14). Structure This assignment has two aspects and seven sections for the
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Background Is being physically strong still important in today’s workplace? In our current high-tech world one might be inclined to think that only skills required for computer work such as reading‚ reasoning‚ abstract thinking‚ etc. are important for performing well in many of today’s jobs. There are still‚ however‚ a number of very important jobs that require‚ in addition to cognitive skills‚ a significant amount of strength to be able to perform at a high level. Take‚ for example‚ the job
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Philosophy Essay Explain Aristotle’s causation theory (25) Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in BC 384. He introduced the theory of causation‚ and he used causation to prove that this is the real world through senses‚ empirical evidence‚ the prime mover and the 4 causes. Aristotle believes in two different things which are potentiality and Actuality. Potentiality is something that is possible as everyone has potential but it might not happen‚ whereas actuality is more realistic. Aristotle
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Correlation BSHS/382 October 3‚ 2013 Vanessa Byrd Correlation Correlations measure the relationship between two variables. Establishing correlations allows researchers to make predictions that increase the knowledge base. Different methods that establish correlations are used in different situations. Each method has advantages and disadvantages that provide researchers information that is used to understand‚ rank‚ and visually illustrate how variables are related. The Pearson’s‚ Spearman‚
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