CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical Bonds I. Introduction Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms called a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are the covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Covalent bonds are bonds in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Covalent bonds
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Chemical Warfare Diyora Shukurova Period 1 06-05-2014 Chemical warfare is known as the “use of toxic chemicals in battle.” Chemicals have been used for battle throughout centuries. But also known as any toxic chemical which is deadly or can cause injuries. For example‚ poisoned arrows‚ boiling tar‚ arsenic smoke and noxious fumes‚ and there are many more. Chemical weapons were first used in 1915. The germen military was the first to release 168 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres and Belgium which caused
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Chemical Energetics All about enthalpy‚ calorimetry and the First Law of Thermodynamics A Chem1 Reference Text Stephen K. Lower • Simon Fraser University1 Contents Part 1: Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 2: Basic thermodynamics: what you need to know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Systems and surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Properties
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also cause a concern when it comes to consumers. Those hard-to-pronounce chemicals that are in the list of ingredients on the label are used for more than just flavoring‚ appearance‚ and preserving the food (Food Additives). Those additives are used in some other very harsh items such as bug repellent (Food Additives). However‚ there are some simple and sustainable options that can help consumers avoid running into harsh chemicals and additives that may be lurking in their food. These changes will not
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2 Chemical warfare What is Chemical Warfare: To understand chemical warfare you must first understand what a chemical agent is. A United Nations report from 1969 defines chemical warfare agents as " ... chemical substances‚ whether gaseous‚ liquid or solid‚ which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on man‚ animals and plants ... ". This means basically that any chemical that is used to directly effect and harm a person‚ plant‚ or animal would be an act of chemical warfare
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Midland Chemical Assignment Midland Chemical Co. is negotiating a loan from Manhattan Bank and Trust. The small chemical company needs to borrow $500‚000. The bank offers a rate of 8 ¼ percent with a 20 percent compensating balance requirement‚ or as an alternative‚ 9 ¾ percent with additional fees of $5‚500 to cover services the bank is providing. In either case the rate on the loan is floating (changes as the prime interest rate changes). The loan would be for one year. a. Which loan carries
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Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Q.1. Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ? Ans: Magnesium ribbon is a very reactive metal. When stored it reacts with oxygen to form a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer of magnesium oxide being a stable compound prevents further reaction of magnesium with oxygen. The magnesium is cleaned before burning in air to remove this layer so that the metal can be exposed to air properly. Q.2. Write the balanced
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Chemical Equation Chemical Reaction: C10H8+ 12 O2 → CO2 + 4H2 O (Naphthalene) Combustion Introduction of the Product: Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula C10H8. It is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon‚ and is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon‚ naphthalene’s structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. It is best known as the
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Victoria Chemicals: The Merseyside Project Executive Summary Victoria Chemicals is facing pressures from investors to improve its financial performances. The plant manager is currently considering whether to accept a GBP 12million initial outlay project to renovate its polypropylene production line at Merseyside plant. The benefit of the plant is the lower energy requirement of production and a greater manufacturing capacity. This report consist a recommendation for the plant manager which consists
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PTU/BOS/Ch/101/30-12-2004/ BATCH 2004 Punjab Technical University‚ Jalandhar B.Tech. Chemical Engg. Scheme of Syllabi ( 3rd Semester ) Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Course Code Ch-201 Ch-203 Ch-205 Ch-207 Ch-209 Ch-211 Ch-213 Ch-215 Ch-217 Course Title Mechanical Operations Numerical Methods in Chemical Engineering Organic & Biotechnology Chemical Process Calculations Fluid Flow Strength of Materials Strength of Materials Lab. Fluid Flow Lab. Numerical Methods in Chem. Engg. Lab. L 3 3
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