patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after a few patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Explain how this could cause weight loss. In chemiosmosis‚ NADH are passed along the electron transport chain‚ with energy used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. As the protons are transferred across‚ a proton gradient is created. These protons can come back across the membrane
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PAPER-1 2 marks questions- 1.Bring out four differences between guttation and transpiration ? 2.Why is abscisic acid called as stress hormone ? 3.What is water potential ? Name the factors that influence it. 4.How is cyclic photophosphorylation different from non-cyclic photophosphorylation ? 5. Where in the roots apoplast pathway of water takes place ? Why? 6.Define respiratory quotient. 7. What is meant by turgor pressure ? What is its importance in plants ? 3 marks questions- 8
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Chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis‚ by definition‚ is the diffusion of ions through a partially/selectively permeable membrane (down an electrochemical gradient). It is specifically refers to the flow of protons through the inner mitochondrial membrane. The main theory behind chemiosmosis is call Chemiosmosis theory‚ and was developed by Peter Mitchel in 1961. Here is a brief outline of the theory (now pretty much accepted as fact): Throughout respiration carrier molecules (NAD and FAD) are produced‚
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Benjamin Tiger1/16/12 Cellular Respiration Questions 1. Aerobic pathways require oxygen‚ while anaerobic pathways don’t. Anaerobic pathways only require the process of glycolysis to produce energy. Anaerobic pathways are found outside the mitochondria within the cytoplasm of the cell‚ with a low efficiency of 4%. These pathways require glucose‚ ATP‚ adolase‚ fructokinase‚ dehydrogenase‚ and NAD+. Out of one glucose molecule‚ major products include two net ATP‚ two NADH‚ and two pyruvate
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Metabolic pathways: An overview of cellular respiration and fermentation Chapter 6 Cellular respiration‚ photosynthesis occur in eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria‚ chloroplasts) CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLUCOSE 1 2 GLYCOLYSIS 1 PYRUVATE OXIDATION2 KREBS CYCLE 3 2 ELECTRON TRANSPORT 4 CHAIN 2 NET ATP PRODUCED = 36 Nelson‚ 2003 Redox Reactions • Reduction-oxidation reactions – Transfer electrons from donor to acceptor atoms • Donor is oxidized as it releases electrons
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molecules in the Calvin Cycle to create glucose. In respiration‚ the process of glycolysis uses energy (ATP) to break down glucose. ATP is used in order to make more energy to perform more respiration. The process of chemiosmosis in animal cells also uses energy transfers. In chemiosmosis‚ NADH “drops off” an H+ ion. NADH then becomes NAD+‚ which is recycled. The H+ ions are actively moved into the inner membrane compartment. The active movements of the ions use energy. The H+ ions then proceed to flow
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chemosynthesis; d) herbivory; e) C-4 cycle • 9. The process of chemiosmosis is how ADP + P are converted into ATP during the Light dependent process. a) glycolysis; b) Calvin Cycle; c) chemiosmosis; d) substrate-level phosphorylation; e) Kreb’s Cycle • 10. Once ATP is converted into ADP + P‚ it must be recharged by chemiosmosis. a) disassembled into components (sugar‚ base‚ phosphates) and then ressembled; b) recharged by chemiosmosis; c) converted into NADPH; d) processed by the glycolysis process;
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Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis BIO STUDY GUIDE (Ch. 9.1-9.5‚ 10.1-10.3) I) CELLULAR RESPIRATION A) Catabolic Pathways A.1) Fermentation: partial degradation of sugar that occurs w/o oxygen A.2) Cellular Respiration: oxygen is used A.3) Redox Reactions (Oxidation-Reduction that exchanges electrons) Oxidation: loss of electrons (energy must be added) Reduction: addition of electrons. (-) charged electrons added to atom reduce amount of (+) charge of that atom A.4) Stepwise Energy Harvest
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CHAPTER 7 LECTURE SLIDES Respiration • Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: • Autotrophs – Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis • Heterotrophs – Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms • All organisms use cellular respiration to extract energy from organic molecules Cellular respiration • Digestion – enzymes breaking down large macromolecules into smaller ones. • Cellular respiration is a series of reactions
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Photophosphorylation Chlorophyll in photosystems I and II absorbs light‚ which triggers the release of high energy electrons (photoactivation) The electrons from photosystem II pass along a series of carriers (electron transport chain)‚ producing ATP via chemiosmosis The electrons from photosystem I reduce NADP+ to generate NADPH + H+ Electrons lost from photosystem I are replaced by electrons from photsystem II Electrons lost from photosystem II are replaced by electrons generated by the photolysis of water
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