Chapter 5 Notes The study of energy and its transformations is called thermodynamics. An aspect of thermodynamics that deals with the relationships between chemical reactions and energy changes involving heat is called thermochemistry. 5.1 The Nature of Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do work or produce heat. Work is the energy used to cause an object with mass to move. Heat is the energy of an object that causes its temperature to increase. Kinetic and Potential Energy
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Page 1 of 8 BIOLOGY 12- CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Chapter Notes THE CELL THEORY • Although different living things may be as unlike as a violet and an octopus‚ they are all built in essentially the same way. The most basic similarity is that all living things are composed of one or more cells. This is known as the Cell Theory. • our knowledge of cells is built on work done with microscopes • English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665 first described cells from his observations of cork slices
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Sharing Electrons Example~ A hydrogen atom has one electron. If it had two electrons‚ it would have the same electron configuration as a helium atom. Two hydrogen atoms can achieve a stable electron configuration by sharing their electrons and forming a Covalent bond. A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of valence electrons. When two atoms shair one pair of electrons‚ the bond is called a singe bond. Molecules of Elements Two hydrogen atoms bonded together
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Intermolecular Bonding Essay Write an essay on intermolecular bonding. Explain how each type of bond arises and the evidence for the existence of each. Comment on their strengths in relation to the types of atoms involved; the covalent bond and relative to each other. Use the concepts of different types and strengths of intermolecular bonds to explain the following: There exists four types of intermolecular bonding‚ they include ionic‚ covalent‚ Van der waals and hydrogen bonding. In order to describe
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HYDROGEN BONDING: Hydrogen bonding is a bonding type consisting of dipole and dispersion forces. A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between a hydrogen atom attached to a molecule and an atom of a different molecule. According to the Pauling scale of electro-negativities of the elements‚ it can be viewed that the three most electronegative elements in the periodical table are nitrogen‚ oxygen and fluorine. These are also called heteroatoms. The heteroatoms have a partial negative charge while
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Accumulative Roll Bonding of Aluminium 2011 Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Roll Bonding 4 II.1. Surface Preparation 4 II.2. Bonding Mechanism 5 II.3. Roll Bonded Materials and Applications 6 III. Accumulative Roll Bonding 7 III.1. Introduction to Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Processes 7 III.2. Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) Process 8 III.3. Accumulative Roll Bonded Materials 10 III.4. Material Structure after Accumulative Roll Bonding 11 III.5. Mechanical
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Chapter 1: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids‚ Solids‚ and Phase Changes Chem 11: General Chemistry 2 Topics 1.1 An Overview of Physical States and Phase Changes 1.2 Quantitative Aspects of Phase Changes 1.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces 1.4 Properties of the Liquid State 1.5 Uniqueness of Water 1.6 The Solid State: Structure‚ Properties and Bonding A hot spring on a snowy day The Kinetic Molecular View of the Three States The characteristic properties of gases‚ liquids
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Chapter 8 vocabulary Chemical equation- represents‚ with symbols and formulas‚ the identities and relative molecular or molar amounts of reactants and products. Precipitate- a solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution and that separates from the solution Coefficient- is a small whole number that appears in front of a formula in chemical equations Word equation- an equation in with the reactants and products in a chemical reaction are represented by words. Formula-
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continues to increase at an alarming rate‚ and the benefits seem to be declining. Whereas quantum chemistry experiments as early as 80 years ago were very cheap and yielded considerable practical results‚ now very few if any practical results are emerging‚ but the costs of experiments continues to increase. On the other hand a common argument for the continued research in atomic and subatomic structure is the desire for a greater understanding of the universe. As we study the interactions of very small
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Chapter 4 - Chemical Bonding Outline • 4.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas • 4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds • 4.4 Electronegativity‚ Unequal Sharing‚ and Polar Bonds • 4.5 Vibrating Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect • 4.3 Lewis Structures • 4.6 Resonance • 4.7 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures • 4.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule • 4.9 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds © 2014 W. W. Norton Co.‚ Inc. 1 Chemical Bonds All chemical bonds consist of _______ that
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