* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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for their presence in an organic molecule. Common functional groups found in organic molecules are listed below: * Alkene * Primary alcohol * Tertiary alcohol * Aldehyde * Ketone * Carboxylic acid * Ester * Halogen alkane * Phenol Alkene In organic chemistry‚ an alkene is an unsaturated chemical compound. This means it contains a carbon – carbon bond. All alkenes are hydrocarbons‚ (a molecule made of carbon and hydrogen atoms)‚ and can only form one double
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Chemistry Assessment Coal is a combustible rock of organic origin composed mainly of carbon (50-98%)‚ hydrogen (3-13%) and oxygen with lesser amounts of nitrogen‚ sulphur and other elements. Some water is always present‚ as are grains of inorganic matter that form an incombustible residue known as ash. In New South Wales‚ black coal is mined near the eastern and western edges of the Sydney-Gunnedah Basin where the seams are relatively close to the surface. Mining along the western edge‚ where
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Conformational stereoisomer of butane Butane‚ C4H10 is an alkane with four carbon atoms which are bonded to each other by single bonds. Butane can form two isomers which are n-butane and isobutane. Figure1.1(a) and 1.1(b) shows the structures of n-butane and isobutane. Alkanes usually show conformational isomerism due the presence of C-C single bonds. It is important to understand that conformational isomer can only occur in compound with single bond but not double or triple bond. This is because
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Chapter 3 3.1 Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules: O C NH2 H N O C OH H C CH2 (a) (b) O (c) Solutions: a. b. c. d. Amide‚ double bond Amine‚ carboxylic acid Double bond‚ ketone‚ ester O OCH3 (d) CH2OH Aromatic ring‚ double bond‚ alcohol (a) Alcohol (d) Amine (b) Aromatic ring (e) both ketone and amine (c) Carboxylic acid (f) two double bonds 3.2 Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups:
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Chlorophyll clip_image002Outline the role of photosynthesis in transforming light energy to chemical energy (including raw materials needed for this process) Photosynthesis occurs in all green plants and is the beginning of nearly all food chains therefore a source of life to all living organisms. It is the process where plants transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy. By using light energy trapped by chlorophyll (light absorbing pigment)‚ plants combine carbon dioxide and
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will depend on the functional groups present. For example heptane has boiling point of 98.4 degrees (1) and 1-hexanol has boiling point of 157 degrees. (2) The fact that heptane has lower boiling point then 1-hexanol is because heptane belongs to alkane group and only has dispersion forces since it contains non polar molecules. Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral polar molecules but heptane is non polar. Heptane does not contain hydrogen bonding as no H atoms bond with F‚ O‚ or N. On the other
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“Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) as an Antiseptic Mouthwash” An Investigatory Project Presented to the Science Unit of the Basic Education Department; S.Y. 2014-2015 8 Names of the Researchers: Bello‚ Maria Isabella Bonalos‚ Kristine Mae Delaminez‚ Alpre Layague‚ Francheska Lian Nunez‚ Adrian Joshua Submitted to: Mr. Jann Andre Padua Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction a. Background of the Study As an effective mouthwash is one that does not
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dissolve easily in water. However‚ when we introduce water to big greasy hydrocarbon chains (usually called alkanes‚ or fats and oils as we know them)‚ the water just slides right over them and our plate stays greasy. This is because fats‚ oils‚ and waxes are nonpolar substances. If instead of using water we used less polar mineral spirits (not recommended on food prep items)‚ those greasy alkanes would be dissolved in no time. Solubility concerns are clearly at the forefront of chemistry in the home
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AS Chemistry Revision-Chemistry for Life 1. Avagadro constant‚ 6.02 x 10²³ number of particles in 1 mole of a substance 2. Empirical formula-simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound 3. 4. Model of an atom Particle Mass on relative atomic scale Charge Proton 1 1+ Neutron 1 0 Electron Very small (0.00055) 1- 5. Radioactive isotopes Radiation What is it? Relative charge How does the nucleus change? Stopped by? Deflection in electric field? Alpha α Helium nuclei ⁴₂He +2 2 fewer
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