IUPAC rules that: (1) Name the longest carbon chain bearing the –OH group. Drop the last –e from the alkane name and add –ol to obtain the root name. (2) Number the longest chain starting at the end nearest the –OH group‚ and designate a number for the –OH group. (Hydroxyl has greater priority than carbon-carbon multiple bonds). (3) Name the remaining substituents and their numbers as for alkanes and alkenes. CH3 OH H3C CH2-Cl CH3 H 1-chloro-3‚3-dimethyl-2-butanol Ch10 Alcohols (Str
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oxygen is electron rich and both carbon and hydrogen are electrophilic‚ as shown in the drawing on the right. Indeed‚ the dipolar nature of the O–H bond is such that alcohols are much stronger acids than alkanes (by roughly 1030 times)‚ and nearly that much stronger than ethers (oxygen substituted alkanes that do
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1. (a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.explain the words saturated and hydrocarbons. (b) Alkanes are generally unreactive. Explain why this is so. (c) write balanced equations for the complete combustion of: (i) methane (ii) ethane. 2. Use the passage below and your knowledge to answer the questions that follow. Methane reacts with bromine to give bromomethane and hydrogen bromide. The mechanism for the reaction is called free-radical substitution and involves
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Infrared Spectroscopy Organic Chemistry Lab 301A B. The purpose of this lab is to study Infrared Spectroscopy‚ which focuses on the study of the electromagnetic spectrum. The area to be studied is the infrared region‚ which is made up of gamma‚ X‚ and UV rays. We want to be able to identify spectra’s to their complementary structures. The background of this experiment particularly deals with the study of compound structure determination‚ and traits. We must be aware of the functional groups
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according to the number of the C atoms attached to it. Nomenclature of haloalkanes Haloalkanes are named by adding prefix fluoro‚ chloro‚ bromo or iodo to the name of the corresponding alkanes. Physical properties of haloalkanes Haloalkanes have stronger intermolecules force compared to alkanes and alkenes. Melting and Boiling Points Name Formula Physical State Melting Point/°C Boiling Point/°C Fluoromethane CH3F Gas -142 -78 Chloromethane CH3Cl Gas -97 -24 Bromomethane
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Lewis base. Orbital hybridization: sp3‚ sp2‚ sp. Conjugated double bonds and resonance 2. Classification of organic compounds Nomenclature: homologues series‚ alkanes‚ cycloalkanes‚ alkene‚ alkynes‚ alkyl halides‚ alcohols‚ amines‚ aldehydes‚ ketones and carboxylic 4 acids and their derivatives. 3. Stereochemistry Conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Isomerism and optical activity. Structural isomers and stereoisomers. Geometrical isomers: (E) and (Z) systems. Enantiomers and diastereoisomers;
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dispersion forces). The magnitude pof Van der Waals force depends on the relative molecular mass‚ high mass produces a larger force. Boiling points of the alkanes data and alkenes data These very clearly illustrate the effect of increasing Van der Waals attractions as the relative molecular mass increases. The influence of branching in the alkanes can also illustrate the effect of different surface areas on the Van der Waala forces (the more branching the lower the b.p) Dipole-dipole forces --
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13C NMR with 4 peaks‚ so the compound would need to have a five-carbon chain. With the assumption that the structure was five-carbon chain‚ it could be deduced that the structure was either a primary or secondary alcohol because straight chained alkanes cannot make tertiary
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Appendix APPENDIX 1 Chemical tests for functional groups Homologous series/ Typical compound Functional group(s) Alkanes CH3CH3 ethane C – C and C–H Alkenes CH2 = CH2 ethene C=C Chemical tests/Observations Add liquid bromine in ultraviolet light (or sunlight): White fumes of HBr liberated; decolourisation of bromine occurs slowly (a) Add Br2 in CCl4 at room temperature: Decolourisation of bromine occurs immediately CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br (b) Add acidified
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Objectives After studying this Unit‚ you will be able to • name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures; • describe the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they undergo; • correlate the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions; • use stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism; • appreciate the applications of organo-metallic
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