Sewage treatment The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to the surrounding environment and prevent pollution.[1] Sewage treatment‚ or domestic wastewater treatment‚ is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage‚ both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical‚ chemical‚ and biological processes to remove physical‚ chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe
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3 Yeast Metabolism Metabolism refers to the biochemical assimilation (in anabolic pathways) and dissimilation (in catabolic pathways) of nutrients by a cell. Like in other organisms‚ in yeast these processes are mediated by enzymic reactions‚ and regulation of the underlying pathways have been studied in great detail in yeast. Anabolic pathways include reductive processes leading to the production of new cellular material‚ while catabolic pathways are oxidative processes which remove electrons
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as a radical (a species with a single unpaired electron). These reactions involve a single-electron push – see W (2) Ch 37 on Radical reactions: Examples – the SET reaction in the Grignard practical as well as the classical free-radical chlorination of a hydrocarbon like cyclohexane‚ which typically illustrates the free-radical mechanism (see side-chain functionalisation in Aromatic notes with NBS)‚ in which there are initiation‚ propagation and termination steps: (iii) Pericyclic –
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alcohol by nucleophilic attack of water. The reaction of the primary substrate continues via an SN2 mechanism. Introduction Halogenoalkanes‚ also known as haloalkanes or alkyl halides‚ are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen atoms‚ fluorine‚ chlorine‚ bromine or iodine. In carbon-halogen bond‚ halogens have significantly greater electronegativities than carbon except iodine. In result‚ this group is polarized so that the carbon is electrophilic
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The effects of human activity on ecosystems and biodiversity Agricultural Practice Biodiversity is a measure of the diversity among organisms in different ecosystems. "Diversity" in this definition includes diversity within a species and among species‚ and among ecosystems.’ Monoculture is when a farmer produces or grows one single crop over a wide area. The advantages to the farmer of monoculture are‚ “the reduced plant competition for nutrients‚ space and solar radiation‚ control of unprofitable
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Compiled SCH4U Course Review Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Bonding Section 3.3 Electron Configurations and Periodic Trends (pg. 139-157) Feb. 11 For single electron system all orbitals with the same value of have the same energy Atoms with more than 1 electron with the same value of n have different energies (sublevels) Because of interactions between additional electrons All orbitals within a sublevel have the same energy The Fourth Quantum Number: A property of the electron (spin quantum
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CHAPTER 1 WATER AND THE BLUE PLANET 1.1 Introduction Of “The Blue Planet” (The Earth) 71% of the earth is covered by water. 29% of the surface is covered by land. It is the only known planet with life. Fig1.1 the blue planet The earth is known as “Blue Planet” occupies a special place in the solar system. The earth consists of three spheres. They are known as Atmosphere‚ the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphere. The interrelationship that exists among these three spheres is the foundation
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Reactions of pyridine Introduction: 1. Pyridine structure: 2. Iupac name: Pyridine‚ other name: Azine & Azabenzene. *Important commercial alkyl pyridinium compound is α - methyl- pyridine (2)‚ βpicoline (3)‚ γ- picoline ( 4 ) ‚ 2‚6 - lutidine ( 5 ) ‚ 3‚5 - dimethyl- pyridine ( 6 ) ethyl-2 - methyl- pyridine ( 7 ) and 2‚4‚6 - collidine ( 8 ) . In general‚ the alkyl -substituted pyridine as many other precursors used in pyridine E-commerce. From these further alkyl substituted pyridine
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reaction‚ SN2 is only a one-step reaction. Its rate is determined by both the organic halide and the nucleophile. Several organic halide were used to complete this experiment. INTRODUCTION An alkyl halide is another name for a halogen-substituted alkane. The carbon atom‚ which is bonded to the halogen atom‚ has sp3 hybridized bonding orbitals and exhibits a tetrahedral shape. Due to electronegativity differences between the carbon and halogen atoms‚ the σ covalent bond between these atoms is polarized
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MEDIA FORMULATION Medium formulation is an essential stage in the design of fermentation process. Most fermentation media require liquid media‚ although some solid-substrate fermentations are also operated. Fermentation media must satisfy all the nutritional requirements of the microorganisms and fulfill the technical objectives of the process (1). There are several stages where media are required in a fermentation process; inoculum (starter culture)‚ propagation steps‚ pilot-scale fermentations
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