9.5 – Industrial Chemistry (Option): Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: The EQUILIBRIUM Constant: For the basic reversible reaction‚ depicted as: aA + bB cC + dD; Uses of SULFURIC ACID: Fertiliser Production: Creating ammonium sulfate: sulfuric acid + ammonia ammonium sulfate H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) Dehydrating Agent: Dehydration of ethanol: ethanol ethylene + water C2H5OH (l) C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) Dehydration
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resulted in the position of the equilibrium to shift towards the reactant side making it favor the Co(H2O)62+ ions. 3. (a) CoCl42- ion is favored by the addition of hydrochloric acid and calcium chloride. (b) Cl- ion (c) When the stress (Chlorine from hydrochloric acid and calcium chloride) is added on the reactant side (more reactants)‚ the pink color reduces and blue color increases. In other words‚ CoCl42- is favored to compensate for the change or minimize the stress. 4. A. Adding
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Dr. GEORGE ROMBO Cholera This is an infection of the small intestine caused by bacterium vibrio cholera. Transmission is mostly from the fecal contamination of food and water that is caused by poor sanitation Susceptibility About 100 million bacteria must typically be ingested to cause cholera in a normal healthy adult. Children are also more susceptible with 2- 4 year old having the highest rates of infection Individual susceptibility to cholera is also affected by their blood type with
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agents‚ scouring powders‚ and toilet bowl cleaners. The most common oxidizing agent in bleaches is sodium hypochlorite‚ NaClO (sometimes written NaOCl). Commercial bleaches are created by bubbling chlorine gas into a sodium hydroxide solution (remember this from your “funky redox rxns”?). Some of the chlorine is oxidized to the hypochlorite ion‚ ClO- and some is reduced to the chloride ion‚ Cl- (a disproportionation reaction). The solution remains strongly basic. The chemical equation for the process
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transition state. E) In an exothermic reaction‚ the transition state is closer in energy to the products. 6) In the first propagation step of the free radical chlorination of methane‚ which of the following occurs? A) A carbon radical reacts with a chlorine radical B) Cl2 dissociates C)
Free Chemical reaction Chlorine Organic chemistry
Juliana Amenta 2/18/13 Mr. Zastrow Chemical Warfare During World War 1 The first World War has been reported to be one of the most brutal wars in the history of time for many reasons. One of those reasons was strategic usage of chemical warfare. Chemical gas was used on both sides of the line‚ which turned out to be fatal for many. World War I was mostly fought in the trenches‚ where soldiers lived in deep‚ v-shaped holes or underground bunkers. Both sides would occupy these trenches in order
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products‚ such as bleaches and hair coloring agents‚ contain oxidizing agents. The most common oxidizing agent in bleaches is sodium hypochlorite‚ NaClO (sometimes written NaOCl). Commercial bleaches are made by bubbling chlorine gas into a sodium hydroxide solution. Some of the chlorine is oxidized to the hypochlorite ion‚ ClO-‚ and some is reduced to the chloride ion‚ Cl-. The solution remains strongly basic. The chemical equation for the process is: Cl2(g) + 2 OH-(aq) ( ClO-(aq) + Cl-(aq)
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Higher Chemistry Mole Calculations Moles and Number 1 mole of any substance contains the same number of atoms/molecules/ions as there are atoms in a 12g sample of carbon -12 12g of carbon-12 contains a constant number of atoms. This number is known as the Avogadro constant (L) and is equal to 6.02 x 1023. 1 mole of carbon-12 contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. Therefore‚ 1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms/molecules/ions. For example‚ 1 mole of aluminium contains
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table sugar is made up of sucrose molecules (remember covalent compounds from chemistry?)‚ table salt (sodium chloride) is a very different kind of chemical compound‚ an ionic compound. It is made up of two smaller particles‚ a sodium ion and a chlorine ion. Sodium chloride can be made in the laboratory (don’t try this at home!) by
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HOW DOES THE SOLUBILITY OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KCL) AND POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI) IN WATER VARY WITH TEMPERATURE? AIM To observe solubilities of KCl and KI with water at different temperatures To compare the two solubility curves and discuss what might vary the solubility of different ionic compounds. THE VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE Temperature INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Amount of solute (KCl‚ KI) CONSTANTS Amount of the solvent (water)‚ pressure APPARATUS 100G OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 100G
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