Describe the role of the citric acid cycle as a central metabolic mechanism. Explain what happens to the cells’ abilities to oxidize acetyl CoA when intermediates of the cycle are drained off for amino acid biosynthesis. Glucose is a source of energy that is metabolized into glycolysis to pyruvate yielding ATP. To become more efficient‚ pyruvate must be oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. This combustion of carbon dioxide and water to generate ATP is called cellular respiration (Tymoczko‚
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Chapter 13 study guide 1. In the absence of targeting information‚ what is the default location of proteins synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes? 2. Two membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for making and modifying proteins are? ER and Golgi- newly synthesized secretory proteins are first targeted to the ER‚ where they are folded and modified before exported to the Golgi for sorting 3. Name a few cytoplasmic proteins. 4. Name a few secretory proteins. Plasma membrane proteins
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1. Understand what is the same about all life‚ and what makes life diverse A. List the five characteristics all organisms on Earth share * The five characteristics all organisms share is: information‚ replication‚ evolution‚ cells‚ and energy (cerie) B. Explain why the first four are required for life * Cells allow things to go in and out of the organism (allows diffusion to happen so good things go in and bad things go out) * Energy is required because it
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responsible for producing and organizing the microtubules. In plant cells‚ the centrosome is a ’centriole-free’ organelle. It is also called the Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). Function: Regulates cell-cycle progression Chloroplast Found only in plants‚ chloroplasts are organelles that resemble the structure of the mitochondria. It is a plastid that traps energy from sunlight. It contains chlorophyll molecules‚ that carry on the process of photosynthesis as well as‚ give the plants a lush
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water molecules (H2O)‚ and light energy are added together and result in glucose (C6H12O6) and six oxygen (O2) molecules. There are two stages to this process; light reactions and dark reactions. Light reactions start with chloroplast which absorbs the light. Inside the chloroplast are thylakoids that contain pigments which absorb certain wavelengths of light. Each cluster of pigments is called a photosystem. Photosystem I and II obtain some of the light’s energy. Light first enters chlorophyll
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cell wall in since it has a much bigger central vacuole. They also have plasmodesmata‚ and chloroplast only found in plant cells. A nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell would differ from a generalized eukaryotic plant cell by the presence of a nucleus and the structures of the cell. Plants do not have bones structural strength besides the membrane‚ also the vacuoles contain nutrients and liquids and the chloroplasts contain the organelles that help the plant to get energy form the sunlight. A prokaryotic
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what form does each capture and store that energy? 2. Explain how photosynthesis differs in eukaryotic organisms (with organelles such as chloroplasts) and in prokaryotic organisms (single-celled‚ no organelles). 3. How does a metabolic pathway such as photosynthesis suggest common ancestry? 4. Describe the basic structure and function of a chloroplast. 5. Describe the benefit of having several different types of pigment molecule present in a photosystem. 6. Distinguish
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Plant Cell>>Factory A:Nucleus>Main Office The main office of a factory regulates all activities‚ and controls everything that happens inside the factory‚ as does a nucleus in a Plant cell. B:Cell Membrane>Guard The guard of a factory protects the factory from harm‚ and checks trucks‚ that are coming in‚ for anything that could harm the factory‚ as does the cell membrane of a Plant cell. C:Nucleolus>Boss The boss of a factory controls the office and has a high authority in the factory
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and lower epidermis of the leaf‚ they are more in number on the lower epidermis. iii) Each stoma has two bean shaped cells called guard cells surrounded by epidermal cells. iv) Each guard cell has a nucleus and a number of chloroplasts. The inner wall of the guard cell is thicker than the outer wall. v) The guard cells controls the opening and closing of the stomatal pore. vi) The opening and closing of the stomatal pore is controlled by the entry and exit
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The elodea plant‚ also called water weeds‚ are plants freshwater plants that grow underwater either loosely rooted or floating around freely. Elodea is native to North and South America and is also widely used as household aquarium vegetation. Elodea rapidly grows through fragments of the plant being dispersed in the water by water currents and human activities. Since no female elodea exists in the United States it has adapted a form of reproduction called fragmentation. Fragmentation is a form
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