Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the Victorian Context Traditional social structure • Different social classes can be (and were by the classes themselves) distinguished by inequalities in such areas as power‚ authority‚ wealth‚ working and living conditions‚ life-styles‚ life-span‚ education‚ religion‚ and culture. Working class – physical labour • Poor living and work conditions • Did not follow rules of courtships • Did not participate in social entertainment • Had very little chance for
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The Protestant Reformation‚ launched by Martin Luther in 1517 in Germany‚ successfully challenged the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church on western Christendom. The printing press‚ recently introduced to Europe from China‚ advanced the ideas and texts of the Reformation throughout Europe. Political transformation. Powerful nation-states evolved with the resources and institutions to advance national interests
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people to the wilderness and abandoning them there. Herbert reveals this reference very early in the poem: "I did towards Canaan draw‚ but now I am/Brought back to the Red Sea‚ the sea of shame." Herbert suggests that the traditional teaching of Christendom‚ namely that the march of the Jews through the desert‚ their endless
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gulf Richman cannot escape his torment/send a warning to family Be familiar with the alternative theories concerning the state of the unsaved dead. PG 838-841 Theories have origin in pagan religious philosophistaught by those who identify with Christendom (to a degree) Annihilation: Hell is form of instantaneous destruction‚ if it exists at all/ Cessation of life Reincarnation: confining people to earth during various lifetimes Ensures all eventually reach a state of heavenly bliss (Karma) Opportunity
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political goals as well as religious motives. (Muslims controlled Palestine (Holy Land) and threatened Constantinople. Byzantine emperor in Constantinople appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks. The pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom which had split into Eastern and Western branches) Kings and the church saw the Crusades as an opportunity to get rid of knights that fought each other. Those who participated in the Crusades were younger sons who‚ unlike eldest sons‚ did not
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On August 24‚ 1572‚ Catholic troops opened fire on innocent Protestants that were waiting for the time of a royal wedding in Paris‚ France killing nearly two-three thousand people and eventually spreading to other French cities and racked up to nearly five-six thousand people dead. This horrifying event is famously known as the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre‚ one of the most disturbing events in the sixteenth century. There are reasons for the Catholic’s actions‚ whether they are justifying or
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edge of Hell. Dante and Virgil descend into the bottomless pit. They enter the first circle of Hell‚ Limbo‚ where the souls that are sighing live. The souls include those all Unbaptized infants and those men and women who lived before the age of Christendom. I am going to talk more about those souls later. In the previous canto‚ Dante fainted at moments of great intensity of feeling when he is shocked by the strange sights he sees in Hell. Paralleled to his violent fainting‚ is he awakened by
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two seats failed to follow a common family policy. It wasn’t until this time that the two powers were truly divided and the threat of hegemony was put to rest for the time. When Ferdinand II took the Austrian throne‚ he had ambitions to unify Christendom with both Austria and Spain‚ the Habsburg family‚ at the helm of course. As Catholics‚ theirs was a desire to drive the counter-reformation to its limit. Theirs was a goal of eliminating the emerging Protestantism that had become the religion
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Same-Sex Marriage Violates the Sacrament of Marriage Homosexuality‚ 2013 "There is not a same-sex equivalent to bride and groom. To insist that there are such equivalencies‚ and to act on this error‚ not only represents marriage as something it is not but also envisions salvation as something it is not." Vigen Guroian is a professor of religious studies at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville and the author of The Melody of Faith: Theology in an Orthodox Key and other works. In
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of Crusades to conquer back the land of Jerusalem. The hidden and main purpose of the war was to take Jerusalem drive Muslims out of the trade route so Europeans could take control of the trade with India. However‚ although Jerusalem fell into Christendom‚ the Muslim empire of Turks were reluctant to give their way. Trade route were still blocked. For crusades‚ who lost tens of thousands of men from battle‚ disease‚ and malnutrition‚ their prospect was only their holy land‚ which was certainly a
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