steps and their time duration. It was found that the interphase stage of both mitosis and meiosis was the longest of all the stages as this was where most of the ‘action’ was happening such as cell growth and duplication of all cell organelles and chromosome replication also. It was also found that mitosis and meiosis have similar stages‚ however‚ they also have a lot of differences such as the end result and what is happening throughout each stage. INTRODUCTION The two processes of cellular division
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that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes. This process is called meiosis‚ and without it‚ humans‚ oak trees‚ beetles‚ and all other sexually-reproducing organisms would be vastly different than they are today. Model 1 – Meiosis I Sister chromatids Cell from the sex organs (ovaries/testes in animals) during Interphase I Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad Single chromosome Early Prophase I Late Prophase I Telophase I Metaphase
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Virtual Lab: The Cell Cycle and Cancer Worksheet 1. In which phase of mitosis do each of the following occur: a. Centromeres split and chromosomes move toward opposite sides of the cell b. Chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes c. The nuclear membrane disappears d. Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell 2. In which phases of mitosis are sister chromatids visible‚ and attached to each other at the centromere? Table 1: Record your data for the number of cells in
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Chromatin is spaghetti like before mitosis Chromosomes (X-Shape) Chromatid (each individual part of the chromosome) Centromere (middle part of the chromosome) Centriole (involved in cellular division‚ the poles that pull the chromatids) Centrosome (microtubule organization center) 4. Diploid (2n) number Half the diploid is haploid (n) number Humans have 46 chromosomes (diploid) 5. G1‚ S‚ G2‚ I‚ P‚ P‚ M‚ A‚ T‚ Cytokinesis Prophase - Duplicated chromosomes are visible Prometaphase - the kinetochore
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CELL REPRODUCTION DNA is the cell’s genetic material; chromosomes are the carriers of this genetic information. In proka-ryotes‚ the chromosome is a single circle of DNA. In eukaryotes‚ each chromosome is a complex of DNA and histone proteins found in the nucleus. BINARY FISSION Prokaryotic cells reproduce via binary fission. In this process‚ DNA Is replicated‚ and the cell splits in two roughly equal parts‚ each with a copy of the cell’s DNA. EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE Eukaryotic cells reproduce
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4.1.1 State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.(1) State means to give a specific name‚ value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation. The chromosome is composed of two main molecules. a) DNA b) Proteins called histones. This image was taken shortly after DNA a replication but before the prophase. It is composed of two daughter chromatids joined at the centromere. The chromosome is super coiled by a factor around x16‚000. The DNA molecule is about 1
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B io Factsheet September 2000 Number 76 The Eukaryotic cell cycle and Mitosis This Factsheet covers the relevant AS syllabus content of the major examining boards. By studying this factsheet the candidate will gain a knowledge and understanding of: • the different phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle (a eukaryotic cell has membrane bound organelles) • the importances of mitosis • the process of mitosis The eukaryotic cell cycle Fig 2. Quantity of DNA in the cell during different
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Concept Check 14.1 C O N C E P T C H E C K 14.1 1. Pea plants heterozygous for flower position and stem length (AaTt) are allowed to selfpollinate‚ and 400 of the resulting seeds are planted. Draw a Punnett square for this cross. How many offspring would be predicted to have terminal flowers and be dwarf? (See Table 14.1.) 1. According to the law of independent assortment‚ 25 plants (1⁄16 of the offspring) are predicted to be aatt‚ or recessive for both characters. The actual result is likely
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up what are now called chromosomes. The first major discovery grew out of work on various species of insects. A cell’s chromosomes normally come in identical pairs‚ except for the chromosomes scientists called X and Y. Females always have two X chromosomes. Males of some species have one X and one Y‚ but in other species males have only a single X chromosome. Scientists quickly realized that the X and Y (or lack of it) determine the individual’s sex. But did these chromosomes have other functions as
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nucleus. An overview of several important discoveries on the nature of gene: In the 1860’s Mendel discovered the discrete units of inheritance. 1880’s: discovery of chromosomes. 1903: discovery of homologous chromosomes. 1909-1911: discovery of crossing over. 1911: discovery that genes could be mapped in order along length of chromosomes. 1944-1952: discovery of DNA as genetic material. 1953: Watson and Crick discovered DNA structure. When Mendel was experimenting on plants‚ he was using 7 different
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