SUBJECT: CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TITLE: TOTAL BILIRUBIN & DIRECT BILIRUBIN LABORATORY: 19 & 20 INTENDED USE: 1. For the quantitative determination of total bilirubin in serum 2. For the quantitative determination of direct bilirubin in serum INTRODUCTION: One part of bile is a yellow (or brownish) substance called bilirubin. Bilirubin starts out as a product of the breakdown of red blood cells. When red blood cells break down‚ the heme molecule is converted into bilirubin
Premium Bilirubin
protein intake‚ and age (Slack et al.‚ 2010). In liver cirrhosis‚ the decrease in serum creatinine is due to a 50% reduction in hepatic production of creatine; increases in volume of distribution due to accumulation of extracellular fluid‚ ascites‚ edema‚ loss of muscle mass and malnutrition‚ which is related to recurrent states of sepsis and large volume of ascites influencing satiety (Slack et al.‚ 2010). Moreover‚ patients with liver cirrhosis have a significant lower baseline serum creatinine concentration
Premium Renal physiology Nephrology Kidney
Tumor markers Tumor markers are biochemical indicators that are used to detect or chek presence of cancers generaly. these biochemical indicators are abnormal molecules secreted by the tumor celssand they are included surface anitigens‚ cytoplasmic proteins‚ enzymes and hormones. These markers are measured from the serum and are used in screening tests of the population to evaluate presence of cancer. These markers are also important in supporting diagnosis of cancers. And also in addition they are
Premium Cancer Oncology Breast cancer
Deficit = TBW x [(Na/140) – 1] * Identify causes of specific types of hyponatremia and hypernatremia‚ including drug-induced causes * Hyponatremia * Hypotonic: Renal and Nonrenal Losses‚ Polydipsia‚ SIADH‚ HypOthyroidism‚ CHF‚ Cirrhosis‚ Adrenal insufficiency‚ Nephrotic Syndrome/CRF * Isotonic: Hyperlipidemia‚ Hyperproteinemia * 275-290 mOsm/L * Hypertonic: Hyperglycemia‚ Mannitol‚ Sorbitol * >290 mOsm/L * Hypernatremia
Premium Diabetes insipidus
four to five drinks per day‚ and that these are consumed in rapid succession‚ leading to intoxication on three or more days per week. Individuals who consume these levels of alcohol have a greater-than-average risk of developing alcoholic liver cirrhosis. However‚ the levels should not be taken as absolute‚ since they can vary greatly in different individuals‚ according to body weight and other factors. | The symptoms and consequences associated with severe alcohol consumption also vary greatly;
Premium Alcoholism Alcohol Alcohol abuse
of the digestive tract. The cause of this disease is still unknown. 3. Ascites (fluid in the peritoneal cavity) causes abdominal swelling‚ edema (swelling of the ankle‚ legs due of fluid buildup)‚ and itching of the skin are some symptoms of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease
Premium Inflammation Immune system Blood
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DISORDERS OF WATER BALANCE (HYPONATREMIA AND HYPERNATREMIA) AND SODIUM BALANCE (HYPOVOLEMIA AND EDEMA) Literature review current through: Sep 2013. | This topic last updated: ene 15‚ 2013. 1. INTRODUCTION — The plasma sodium concentration is regulated by changes in water intake and excretion‚ not by changes in sodium balance. hyponatremia is primarily due to the intake of water that cannot be excreted hypernatremia is primarily due to the loss of water that has not
Premium Sodium Potassium
AST ‚ alkaline phosphatase‚ and bilirubin levels are elevated and that she also has an elevated count of lymphocytes. Further tests reveal that she is positive for the presence of the anti-HCV in her blood. Biopsy reveals necrosis‚ fibrosis‚ and cirrhosis. What is Mary’s diagnosis? Discuss the different ways that she might have acquired this illness. Based on the information above‚ in what stage of illness is Mary? Mary’s diagnosis is Hepatitis C. This illness is acquired by blood-to-blood
Premium Blood Liver Coagulation
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website (2005) sites statistics indicating 28‚175 deaths in 2005 were a direct result of liver cirrhosis. The website goes on to state‚ “In 1997‚ liver cirrhosis was the 10th leading cause of death and accounted for approximately 25‚000 U.S. deaths‚ more than half of which were from alcohol-related cirrhosis” (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism‚ 2001). Individuals struggling with chronic ETOH abuse have specific educational needs. Patient
Premium Health care Patient Nursing
with suicidal ideations. Chief complaint was “I was depressed and wanted to kill myself”. 2.Admitting diagnosis (DSM IV-TR classification): Axis I : Bipolar Disorder Axis II : None noted Axis III : Kidney disease‚ Liver cirrhosis Axis IV : No friends/outside support Axis V ( GAF) : 30 3. Discuss theories of etiology for Axis I and Axis II diagnosis: Bipolar Disorder (in Psychosis): The etiology for Bipolar disorder is based on the stress-diathesis model. This
Premium Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Suicide