Lecture 2: Pricing by Arbitrage Readings: Ingersoll – Chapter 2 Dybvig & Ross – “Arbitrage‚” New Palgrave entry Ross – “A Simple Approach to the Valuation of Risky Streams‚” Journal of Business‚ 1978 Here we will take a first look at a financial market using a simple state space model. We first develop some structure then examine the implications of the absence of arbitrage. Often in finance problems‚ uncertainty is characterized by the use of a set of random variables with a particular
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Life Cycles of Emerging Markets Because investing in emerging markets has become a very popular subject‚ a closer analysis of how markets really “emerge” may be in order. In many ways‚ stock market cycles closely resemble the human life cycle. First‚ stocks are in an embryonic stage. Then‚ when they reach adolescene‚ they grow very rapidly (bullish phase). During this stage‚ they are accident-prone (crashes).Later‚ markets mature‚ lose some of their energy and volatility‚ then
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“Superior marketing in emerging market is all about tapping into the most affluent tier of customers in emerging-market-cities such as Delhi‚ Shanghai‚ Rio de Janerio and Moscow.” By TONG KAR HEI JENNY More than 20‚000 multinationals which are operating in emerging markets nowadays. [1] They spend a huge sum of budget in the emerging markets marketing campaigns to raise the brand awareness and to boost the sales. The trend is expected to continue to thrive for the coming decades due to the expanding
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Citibank has been known world wide for being one of the largest commercial banks and one of the major international banks. Besides that‚ it is also a public company- FIRST NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK as well as the third largest foreign bank in BRUNEI but it has only two branches set up in BRUNEI. For more information‚ Citigroup has the world’s largest financial services network‚ spanning 140 countries with approximately 16‚000 offices worldwide. The company currently employs approximately 260
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firm to perform a SWOT analysis in order to assess its current position in its industry. Citibank‚ like any other firm‚ has strengths‚ weakness‚ opportunities‚ and threats to consider in order to compose an effective plan for the future. Identifying the strengths of a company can give that company focus to know which areas it should continue to build on in order to pursue competitive advantages. Although Citibank has many strengths‚ its three major strengths are: diverse range of products‚ global reach
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Table of Contents Table of Contents 0 1 Introduction 1 2 Market Efficiency and Arbitrage Opportunities 1 2.1 Triangular Arbitrage without Transaction Costs 2 2.2 Triangular Arbitrage with Transaction Costs 2 2.3 Examples 5 3 Triangular Arbitrage Opportunities between Turkish‚ British and Euro Currencies 7 4 Can Triangular Arbitrage Opportunities Exploited in Real Life? 8 4.1 Artefacts 8 4.2 Slippage in Price Quotes 9 4.3 Stale Quote 9 4.4 Weekend effects and non-trading hours 9 5 Appendix
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Valuation of Stocks and Functioning of Indian Stock Market The work in this area can be classified into three broad strands: a) those dealing with functioning of securities markets and financial institutions operating in these markets‚ b) those pertaining to the investment decision making process of individuals‚ and c) empirical work on Indian stock markets. One of the early works on functioning of stock markets and financial institutions was by Simha‚ Hemalata and Balakrishnan (1979). Bhole (1982)
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Property market in Hong Kong Introduction Hong Kong has established its real estate markets since 1841‚ when it became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War. As a small city with only an area of 1‚104 square km‚ but over 7 millions of people‚ Hong Kong has one of the most prosperous property markets and which has created a huge amount of wealth. According to Forbes list of Hong Kong billionaires 2012‚ the top 3 richest people and 8 out of top 11 richest people in Hong Kong
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How does the Citibank budgeting process work? Is this a Participative process? Citibank applies two management processes to control its international branches: sovereign risk limits review and operating budget review. Its budgeting process is a bottom-up. Although it starts from the headquarters’ instructions which guide the timing‚ format and issues needed to be addressed‚ budgeting is not obliged to attain specific targets. The corporation’s long-term goals are shared. Some international branches
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Chapter 3 risk and challenges IN EMERGING MARKETS Introduction This chapter will expose the students on potential risks faced by firms that are doing or currently planning to enter an emerging market. This chapter will detail each and every element of political‚ economic and legal risk. Discussions on how to reduce the impact of risks are also discussed at the end of the chapter. OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter‚ students should be able to: 1. Describe political‚ economic and legal
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