Vitamins vs. chemotherapy and radiation for cancer therapy We have a general understanding of cancer--one-third of cancer patients die in five years. (1) With present therapies‚ only slow annual improvement is expected. Vitamins have been extensively demonstrated in clinic trials. (2)‚ (3) Vitamins can strengthen the immune system to improve regular therapies and safely kill cancer. Here we compare cancer therapy by multivitamins with radiation and most chemotherapies. The big question is: Why are
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anaerobic use it). Under aerobic conditions‚ there are a further three key stages wh ich you will meet in this chapter. Under anaerobic conditions‚ there is only an extension on the glycolysis pathway which you will again meet later. Enzymes and coenzymes During respiration
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What is Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy? Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic conditions characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy). The Duchenne and Becker types of muscular dystrophy are two related conditions that primarily affect skeletal muscles‚ which are used for movement‚ and heart (cardiac) muscle. These forms of muscular dystrophy occur almost exclusively in males. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies have similar signs and symptoms and are caused
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was measured‚ after thirty minutes the test tube containing the cofactor MgSO4 revealed the higher amount of carbon dioxide evolved‚ which is one of the products of cellular respiration. Thus‚ it was accepted that “If a coenzyme‚ such as MgSO4‚ helps during catalyst‚ then coenzymes affect the rate of cellular respiration”. In the second experiment‚ Smith fermentation tube method was used to test “If the nature of substrates makes cellular respiration in yeast faster or slower‚ then the simpler the
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SPM Biology Form 4 Notes – Nutrition (Part I) Photoautotrophs Type of Nutrition * Nutrition – process by which organisms obtain energy and nutrients from food‚ for growth‚ maintenance and repair of damaged tissues. * Nutrients – the important substances which are required for nourishment of an organisms. * Living organisms are divided into two groups (based on the nutritional habits): autotrophs and heterotrophs. (i) Autotroph * Autotrophs – organisms that are able to synthesise
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Digestive System Notes 2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal; then separately list the accessory organs of the digestive system. a. Mouth—the oral cavity. b. Pharynx—extends from the back of the nasal cavity to the top of the esophagus. c. Esophagus—extends from the pharynx to the stomach. d. Stomach—just below the diaphragm on the lefi side of the body. e. Small intestine—extends from the stomach to the large intestine. f. Large intestine—extends from the small intestine to the
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The Role of the Citric Acid Cycle The Citric Acid Cycle is a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix of all aerobic organisms. It involves the oxidation of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to two molecules of carbon dioxide. Each cycle produces one molecule of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation‚ and reduces three molecules of NAD and one molecule of FAD for use in Oxidative Phosphorylation. The cycle is preceded by Glycolysis‚ which also occurs in anaerobic
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What are Antioxidants? In the world of molecules‚ antioxidants are true superheroes. They are our bodies’ first line of defense against free radicals‚ which are unstable molecules that can wreak all kinds of havoc on cells‚ proteins and DNA. In order to understand why antioxidants are so important‚ we need to get acquainted with their enemies: Free Radicals Free radicals are formed within our bodies as by-products of normal aerobic respiration‚ metabolism‚ and inflammation. They also arise from
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NX GN LMIL S I TE S Whe e T AMWOR Mak sT r E K e he DR AMWOR E K L t s Op o tnt s L t s Go i l s p r ie ‚ i l s d mie u i mie Today’s Health Realities The War Within Our Bodies Free Radicals or Toxins that come from: • Stress • Radiation from the sun • Pollution • Toxins in the water • Poor diet The cells of our bodies are fighting to stay healthy as they are attacked by free radicals. The World’s Leading Causes of Premature Deaths Are Degenerative Health Conditions: • • • •
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Chapter 5 The Working Cell Energy • Capacity to do work • Types of energy – – – – Kinetic energy – energy of motion Potential energy – stored energy Thermal energy - heat Chemical energy - potential energy of molecules • Thermodynamics – Study of energy Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • When an atom or molecule loses an electron‚ it is said to be oxidized – process called oxidation • When an atom or molecule gains an electron‚ it is said to be reduced – process called reduction
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