glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid. In the presence of oxygen‚ the pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl coenzyme A. (Acetyl CoA). 1 mole of glucose produce 2 moles of ATP or 1 mole of glycogen produces 3 moles of ATP. * In the Kreb Cycle system‚ once the acetyl CoA is formed‚ it enters the krebs cycle‚ a complex series of chemical reactions that permit the complete oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A. in this process‚ the carbohydrate has been broken down into carbon and hydrogen. The remaining carbon
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BIO 101 Lecture Notes for Respiration‚ Fermentation‚ and Photosynthesis Respiration During aerobic respiration‚ glucose is completely oxidized (all H’s removed) leaving CO2 as an endproduct. The H’s are taken by coenzymes (NAD and FAD) to the electron transport chain. There the energy is drained from the hydrogen electrons and the energy is used to make ATP. The H’s are ultimately accepted by O2 to make H2O as an endproduct. Respiration occurs in three major stages: 1) Glycolysis
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Much like cells are the fundamental unit of a living being‚ neurons are the fundamental unit of the nervous system. These neurons work together with other excitable cells to produce action potentials when they receive electrical or chemical stimuli. Action potentials can be thought of as an “all-or-nothing” event and occur as a large-scale depolarization when sodium and other positive ions rapidly enter the neuron through membrane channel proteins. Once initiated‚ action potentials travel down the
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becomes reduced‚ forming NADH‚ after attaching 1 p+ and 2 e- The remaining p+ dissolves into the surrounding solution as H+(aq) This occurs in one reaction in Glycolysis‚ during Pyruvate Oxidation & during 3 reactions in the Krebs Cycle Another coenzyme called FAD performs a similar function FAD is also reduced by 2 H atoms and is reduced to FADH2 because all of the p+ & e- bind to it This occurs in one reaction in the Krebs Cycle The reduction of NAD+ & FAD are energy-harvesting reactions that
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Assignment #1 Biochem 305 1) name | 2) name of the coenzyme | 3) RDA mg/day | 4) comm-ercial amt/2capsules | 5)deficiency disease | symptoms of deficiency | 6) problem w/ high amt | B1 Thiamin | Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) | 1.1 | 17 mg | Beriberi | impairment of the nerves and heart muscle wasting | anaphylaxis to parenteral thiamin as well as pruritus due to allergic sensitivity to thiamin injection. | B2 Riboflavin | Flavin coenzymes | 1.1 | 17 mg | rare or unobserved | inflammation of
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everything from energy production in the body‚ to maintaining blood vessels to hormone metabolism. Most B vitamins work together and‚ in many cases‚ provide the greatest benefit when supplemented together in the correct ratios. The B vitamins act as coenzymes‚ compounds that unite with a protein component called an apoenzyme to form an active enzyme. The enzyme then acts as a catalyst in the chemical reactions that transfer energy from the energy drinks to the body. These vitamins are essential for the
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These two pyruvates oxidize to release CO2 as waste‚ and turn into acetyl-CoA. Each acetyl-CoA then goes through the Kreb’s cycle‚ with multiple reactions producing a net total of six NADH‚ two FADH2 [another coenzyme]‚ two CO2‚ and two ATP. The NADH and FADH2 coenzymes then travel to the electron transport chain‚ where most of the ATP production begins. The NADH and FADH2 undergo redox reactions to send electrons through one member of the transport chain to another‚ which creates energy
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use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3) Oxidation of acetyl coenzymes from step one and two into CO2 and NADH2. 4) Oxidation of NADH2 by oxygen forming water. 5) Synthesis of ATP coupled to NADH2 oxidation by process of oxidative phosphorylation. Most of this is
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Name____Shelby Bill__________________ BIO 236 Nutrition Ch. 18 1. Define… Nutrition- Study of the sources‚ actions‚ and interactions of nutrients. macronutrients- A nutrient (carbohydrate‚ lipid‚ and protein) required in a large amount. micronutrients- Nutrient (vitamin or mineral) required in small amount. 2. Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by humans‚ like some amino acids‚ are called ______essential___ nutrients. 3. List the 6 types of Vegetarian diets‚ including food restrictions
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Max Pham Mrs. Leslie 30 September 2014 AP Biology Enzymes: Biological Catalysts: Reading Notes 1. Concept: An enzyme alters the activation energy of a reaction Enzyme is 3D – allows it to associate with substrate (molecule that will go thru reaction) Enzyme brings two substrates together in correct orientation (dehydration synthesis) or stresses bonds of substrate (hydrolysis) - lowers activation energy for new bonds to be formed/ broken Different types of cells have different types of enzymes
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