Chapter Five Review What Is the Nature of Reality? * The philosophical study of metaphysics examines issues beyond the physical world such as the meaning of life‚ the existence of free will‚ and the fundamental principles of the universe * Metaphysicians attempt to explain the nature of reality itself. * Aristotle laid the foundations for this branch of philosophy in his Metaphysics * Philosophical inquiry into the nature of truth is called epistemology * The study of epistemology
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the mind and the body; he considered the body simply an extension. Because Descartes was capable and conscious of thoughts he knew his existence was certain (Meditations on First Philosophy‚ p.2). The phrase highly affiliated with Descartes’s “cogito ergo sum” translating to “I think therefore I am”; this phrase is the key concept to Descartes outtake on identity. Descartes certainty regarding the body however was not as
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The New Science * Beginning to see the appearance of the individual of the self. New methods were revealing a completely secular universe to this new man and showing him how he could satisfy his new desires. * Science and scientific method * Empirical and deductive * Emphasis on empirical or deductive methods lead to radically different metaphysical and epistemological (what we can know/how we know that we know) theories and to different conceptions of the implications of scientific
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doubting‚ we can never attempt to doubt that we are doubting. The fact that we doubt is to affirm a truth. We doubt‚ therefore we exist. Unless we exist. Unless we exist‚ we cannot doubt. “I think‚ therefore‚ I exist.” “I doubt‚ therefore‚ I am.” COGITO ERGO SUM Since we doubt‚ we are not perfect. Where did the idea of perfection come from? We have no recourse but to accept that it must be implanted by a perfect being= GOD Descartes’ Methodic Doubt René Descartes (1596-1650) is an example of a rationalist
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Abstract and Referential Ontology: Descartes Versus Spinoza on the Existence of God. The concept of God is central to the development of Cartesian and Spinozan philosophy. Although both philosophers employ an ontological argument for the existence and necessity of God the specific nature of God differs greatly with each account. While Descartes suggests a Judeo-Christian concept of God‚ Spinoza argues a more monistic deity similar to that of the Hindu tradition. The most significant difference
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What do you understand by ‘sustainable development’? How far has it progressed in your region? Key words: ‘What …?’; ‘you understand’; ‘sustainable development’; ‘progressed’; ‘your’. • the term ‘sustainable development’ was popularised by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the late 1980s • it is a systematic approach to achieving human development that still sustains the resources of our planet – there are signs that wealthier countries are consuming Earth’s resources
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One of the most important characteristics of the Baroque era is the major breakthroughs in the sciences and mathematics. This inevitably happened with humans trusting and expanding the power of reason. The major breakthroughs during this time led to what is known as the Scientific Revolution that changed people’s minds about the universe. One of the fundamental principles during this era was the Empirical Method‚ also known as inductive reasoning/method. Francis Bacon described this method as one
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but others as well. Therefore‚ no matter what state of consciousness you are in at any given time‚ it is important that it is occurring and needs to be recognized. So in closing‚ in the words of 17th century French philosopher Rene Descartes‚ "Cogito Ergo Sum" ("I think‚ therefore I am")‚ the idea that one’s thinking proves their
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Is there a real world? If so‚ is it as it appears? For centuries‚ philosophers have debated whether or not the real world truly exists. Nearly all philosophers can agree that there is an objective reality and a subjective reality. The objective reality can be defined as anything that exists independently of any conscious awareness of it; it is uninterrupted‚ unchanging‚ and the same. Contrastingly‚ the subjective reality then relies on some conscious awareness of it to exist; it is interrupted‚
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In everyday life‚ you are encountered by uncertainty and inquiries about simple things or maybe even universal questions that countless philosophers throughout history have fought about. Philosophy sets the guide lines to an inquiry journey everyone should take on. The philosophical thinking entitles to not take anything for certain and question everything about life‚ question life itself‚ who are you‚ what defines you and even what reality is. In order for philosophers to think about big questions
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