The intellectual roots of critical thinking date back to the teachings of Socrates‚ who discovered a method of analytical questioning; known today as “Socratic questioning‚” establishing that one could not rationally justify their assured claims to knowledge. Socrates established that people cannot depend upon those in "authority" to have sound knowledge and insight. He demonstrated that individuals may have power and high position and yet be deeply confused and irrational. He established the importance
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How do you know if your beliefs are truth and are justified to be count as knowledge? A question that is two famous philosophers answered by their own ways and theories. Plato did a major impact when it came to answer justification part of this question and Descartes made the other impact and helped answering the knowledge part of this question. Why must a belief be justified to count as knowledge? Believes have to be justified first to count as knowledge because how can you know something that is
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In René Descartes: Discourse on Method and Meditations on first Philosophy we see a different approach to the course theme of God and the soul and the way we view philosophy again challenging what does and does not exist. “I have always thought two issues namely‚ God and the soul- are chief among those that ought to be demonstrated with the aid of philosophy rather than theology.” (1) Descartes takes a different approach when arguing for skepticism through the method of Cartesian doubt. This method
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I. What Is Philosophy? In the given quote‚ Socrates is defending himself in court against Meletus’ claim that he believes in false Gods‚ and he is giving his opinion on the meaning of life. He says that a docile life – one without speculation and reason – is not worth living. He explains that he will not live in exile because it is God’s will that he be a gadfly‚ and that he will not keep quiet because enlightenment is his meaning in life. He explains to the jury that he is like a gadfly and
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René Descartes‚ born on March 31‚ 1596 in La Haye France‚ was both an accomplished philosopher as well as a brilliant mathematician. Growing up in a society with influential figures like Galileo and Isaac Newton whom constantly questioned traditional methods and ideologies‚ Socrates sought to devise a method for reaching absolute truth. His quest for truth led to a publication of a major philosophical work “ A Disclosure on Method‚ Meditations on First philosophy.” Descartes meditations were based
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Human nature has its own definition for many. What one considers to be human nature can include a person’s way of thinking‚ their emotions and behavior‚ but what is the core influence for these actions? Numerous philosophers have their convictions with respect to human nature and what is characterized as one’s self‚ however I discovered a considerable lot of their beliefs fundamental‚ for the purpose of my paper‚ I will refer to the ideas primarily by the customary Western logic in progress of Descartes
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PHIL 2200 REVIEW QUESTIONS1) Etymologically‚ what does Philosophy mean? Ancient Greek: Philo – Love‚ Sophia – Wisdom/knowledge. The love of wisdom.2) What is epistemology? Theories of knowledge 3) What is ontology? The study of being.4) What is ethics? A system of moral principles.5) According to Singer‚ what are four things that ethics are not? Particularly concerned with sex An ideal system which is useless in practice Something only intelligible in context with religion Relative or Subjective
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By the end of Meditation Two‚ Descartes has rationalized that he knows he can think so he must be a thinking thing. His famous phrase‚ “cogito sum‚” summarized Mediation Two and was the foundation of his quest to discover the purpose of his existence. Descartes understands that he is the author of his own thoughts and he has awareness of his ideas. To him‚ the very fact that he is thinking
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Micaela Ceraso PHIL 101 Professor Papa December 9th 2014 Topic 3: The Certainty that God Is After reading the two paragraphs written by scholars I have come to three different conclusions. The author of the first argument claims that God does in fact exist and he is also infinite. The author of the second argument claims that humans are not capable of comprehending the idea of infinite‚ therefore we cannot argue that God is infinite or that he exists at all. Finally‚ Descartes claims that by The
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Concerning Human Understanding‚ "Cogito Ergo Sum." The human mind is a very intricate instrument. There have been many people that have attempted‚ and failed‚ to illuminate how the human mind functions. The pursuit for the solution to this question has led to the development of two schools of philosophy‚ rationalism and empiricism‚ dealing specifically with epistemology‚ or‚ the origin of knowledge. Two of the most famous philosophers of epistemology are rationalist Rene Descartes and empiricist
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