In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology‚ Cognitive theories and Behaviourist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches‚ state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson‚ one of the founders of Behaviourism‚ based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as Classical Conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell
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Leon Ferstinger in 1957 developed a theory of cognitive dissonance. His theory sugguest that we all have an inner drive to stay true to our attitudes and beliefs to keep a balanced life. When Ferstinger first introduced the term cognitive dissonance to indicate the discomfort we feel whenever we inconsistent notions at the same time. This discomfort or dissonance motivates us to expend behavioral effort to reduce it and restore cognitive consistency Cognitive dissonance is a situation that involes conflict
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Musical Development as a Cognitive Ability Cognitive Psychology Abstract This paper discusses theories of cognitive development and its relationship to musical development. Cognitive development is closely related to musical development and learning. Jean Piaget developed theories of the cognitive development in children. Musicologists have developed theories on how musical development has cognitive components. Cognitive development is acquired through interaction with an environment‚ just
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Hambrick Psychology 101 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work‚ his theory on the four stages of cognitive development‚ much of his inspiration came from
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Weaknesses There are numerous benefits to using cognitive behavioral therapy to treat ADHD. First‚ as we discussed earlier‚ cognitive behavioral therapy does not have the risks of undesirable side effects like psychotropic medication. Second‚ the coping skills taught to the client during therapy can be used long after therapy has been terminated‚ unlike medication that needs to be continually administered to treat ADHD symptoms. Another benefit is that cognitive behavioral therapy is a closed-end treatment
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The cognitive causal model of depression is the model with the most empirical evidence in treating depression. According to this model‚ it is one’s cognitions - thoughts and beliefs- that shape one’s behaviors and emotions. The most prominent proponent of the cognitive model of depression is Aaron Beck. He proposed that depressive symptoms result when people’s attributions for external events are based on maladaptive beliefs and attitudes (Persons‚ Davison‚ Tompkins). The cognitive model of depression
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Evaluate/Compare and Contrast/Discuss/Examine models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies (22) Human beings actively process information and it is cognitive processes that guide behavior. These cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors. One of the cognitive processes is memory. Many researchers and psychologies have proved that the mind can be studies scientifically by developing theories and using a number of scientific research methods
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Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory The social-cognitive theory proposed by Albert Bandura (1925- ) has become the most influential theory of learning and development. It considers that people learn from one another‚ including such concepts as observational learning‚ imitation‚ and modeling. This theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive‚ behavioral‚ and environmental influences. The four-step pattern of observational learning consists of: (1)
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Judging Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs Most people know steroids are wrong because of the negative side effects‚ but what about a drug that could improve a person’s attention? It’s not clear whether healthy individuals should or should not use medication or drugs to improve cognitive abilities such as working memory or attention. At their genesis‚ cognitive-enhancing drugs such as Provigil or Ritalin were developed to aid patients suffering from narcolepsy‚ Alzheimer’s disease or ADHD with their cognitive
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Evaluate the concept of cognitive enhancement via pharmaceuticals 1. Why cognitive enhancement is interesting in connection with Pharma culture After exploring the definition and different types of cognitive enhancement I am going to focus on the enhancement of attention‚ especially in relation to the drug Ritalin. 2. Define what enhancement is Enhancement is where an external object is used to enhance powers and capabilities‚ for example binoculars. The issue with these instruments is that some
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