The Cognitive Linguistics Enterprise: An Overview* Vyvyan Evans‚ Benjamin K. Bergen and Jörg Zinken [In press for 2006. To be published in ‘The Cognitive Linguistics Reader’‚ by Equinox Publishing Company] 1. Introduction Cognitive linguistics is a modern school of linguistic thought and practice. It is concerned with investigating the relationship between human language‚ the mind and socio-physical experience. It originally emerged in the 1970s (Fillmore 1975‚ Lakoff & Thompson 1975‚ Rosch 1975)
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Cognitive dissonance is described as the psychological discomfort experienced when there is an inconsistency between our own behaviours and our attitudes (Festinger‚ 1957). This unpleasantness‚ Festinger argues will motivate people to reduce this dissonance and to try and achieve consonance (consistency). People‚ according to Festinger (1957) when faced with cognitive dissonance will often change their attitudes towards an issue or situation rather than their behaviour. Stone‚ Wiegand‚ Cooper and
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions‚ maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented‚ explicit systematic procedures. The name refers to behavior therapy‚ cognitive therapy‚ and to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research. Most therapists working with patients dealing with anxiety and depression use
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Cognitive Psychology When an individual faces a problem‚ they may not know its solution‚ but might have insight‚ increasing knowledge‚ and a notion of what they are looking for. When an individual faces a mystery‚ however‚ they might only be able to stare in wonder and puzzlement‚ not knowing what an explanation would even look like. Many theories have been projected over the years to explain the developmental adjustments that individuals experience over the path of their lives. These theories
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behaviour = classical conditioning ( conditioned stimuli) & instrumental learning ( discriminative stimuli) Stimulus Control - Habit Learning Motivation = Why individuals initiate choose or persist in specific actions in specific circumstance Motivation is transient / temporary fluctuation of state ( learning is enduring ) and it is energizing Motivation vs Learning: Car analogy - motivation translates learning into action 4 Theories on Motivation: Instinct Theory How
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Cognitive Restructuring Schemas Renay Gartner‚ Psy.D • First‚ an example: Cognitive Restructuring • Thinking errors or cognitive distortions were identified early on (Beck 1976‚ Beck et al 1979‚ Beck et al 1985b) from clinical observations • Biases lead people to selectively focus attention on the negative and/or not attend/discount contrary information – in line with their dysfunctional schema – Schema = core organizing beliefs or personal meaning structures; out of awareness
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Cognitive therapy is the hypothesis that a lot of how we feel is controlled by what we think. Cognitive therapy is a treatment process that offers patients some assistance with correcting false self-convictions that prompt certain states of mind and practices. The central guideline behind cognitive therapy is that an idea goes before a state of mind‚ and that both are interrelated with one’s domain‚ physical response‚ and resulting behavior. Though behaviorism neglects to address mental procedures
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Identify which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development Mollie and her friends are in. Describe some key characteristics of children in this stage of cognitive development. Describe two examples from the chapter that illustrate characteristics of this stage of cognitive development. “Developmental psychology studies the way human develop and change over time.” (Burton‚ Westen‚ & Kowalski‚ 2014‚ p. 464). Piaget has proposed 4 stages in his theory of cognitive development; the first is sensorimotor
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Since its conception for the treatment of depression‚ cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has been helping millions of individuals struggling with mental illness effectively treat and manage their disorders. In modern psychiatric practice‚ it is used to treat a wide variety of disorders beyond depression‚ adapting and changing to each individual’s needs. It has become one of the most effective and widely used practices for treating psychological disorders around the world‚ changing the way both therapists
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from module five was cognitive flexibility. I find cognitive flexibility is the most important concept in today’s Air Force because everyone is required to perform multiple tasks at the same time to be mission effective. The implication of not using cognitive flexibility will have negative impact on the work center because if I do not have more than one plans to fall back on then it will hinder my clinic’s capabilities. I have witness the implication of not using cognitive flexibility with my
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